This paper examines the discrepancies between phases of research into an emerging small-scale ethnic group in the UK. Whilst top level indications using large-scale survey data produced sociologically relevant findings about the group it was not until the analysis of subsequent qualitative interview data that a more comprehensive picture emerged. Links between ethnicity and social exclusion are demonstrably strong, particularly in areas of disadvantage (Sanchez-Perez, Morales and Jansa, 2005) and the Cornish potentially represent just such a case. Initial quantitative analyses of primary and secondary survey data indicated little significant link between ethnic group affiliation and social exclusion factors. However a more interesting discrepancy between the belief of exclusion and the reality emerged during a stage of qualitative interviews. This paper contributes to the literature critical of methodological exclusivism and towards triangulated, mixed methodologies.
BergB. (1989). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. (5th ed.) London: Pearson.
2.
BosworthG. & WillettJ. (2011). Embeddedness or escapism? Rural perceptions and economic development in Cornwall and Northumberland. Sociologia Ruralis, 51, 2, 195–214. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2011.00533.x]
3.
BrentJ. & KraskaP. (2010). Moving beyond our methodological default: a case for mixed methods. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21, 4, 412–430. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2010.516562]
4.
BurtonJ., NandiA., & PlattL. (2010). Measuring ethnicity: challenges and opportunities for survey research. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33, 8, 1332–1349. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870903527801]
5.
BurtonR. (1997). A passion to exist: cultural hegemony and the roots of Cornish identity. In PaytonP. (Ed.), Cornish Studies Five (pp. 151–163). Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies.
6.
BygrenM. & SzulkinR. (2010). Ethnic environment during childhood and the educational attainment of immigrant children in Sweden. Social Forces, 88, 3, 1305–1330. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0298]
7.
CarterB. & FentonS. (2009). Not thinking ethnicity: a critique of the ethnicity paradigm in an over-ethnicised Sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 40, 1, 1–18. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00420.x]
8.
CemlynS., FahmyE., & GordonD. (2005). Poverty, neighbourhood renewal and the voluntary and community sector in West Cornwall. Community Development Journal, 40, 1, 76–85. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsi008]
9.
ClokeP., MillbourneP., & WiddowfieldR. (2001). Homelessness and rurality: exploring connections in local spaces of rural England. Sociologia Ruralis, 41, 4, 438–453. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00193]
10.
ComminsP. (2004). Poverty and social exclusion in rural areas: characteristics, processes and research issues. Sociologia Ruralis, 44, 1, 60–75. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00262.x]
11.
CORNISH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (2002). Devolution for one and all; governance for Cornwall in the 21st Century.Truro: Cornish Constitutional Convention.
12.
CORNWALL COUNCIL (2010). Understanding Cornwall 2009-2010-big messages.Truro: Cornwall Council.
13.
CORNWALL STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP (2007). Quality of life tracker survey.Truro: Cornwall Council.
14.
CreswellJ. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design; choosing among five approaches.London: Sage.
DehaanL. & BoljevacT. (2010). Alcohol prevalence and attitudes among adults and adolescents: their relation to early adolescent alcohol use in rural communities. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19, 3, 223–243. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2010.488960]
18.
EversoleR. (2005). Overview-patterns of indigenous disadvantage worldwide. In EversoleR., McNeishJ., & CimadamoreA. (Eds.), Indigenous peoples and poverty; an international perspective. (pp. 29–37). London: Zed.
19.
FeldmayerB. (2010). The effects of racial/ethnic segregation on Latino and Black homicide. The Sociological Quarterly, 51, 4, 600–623. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x]
20.
FieldingN. (2009). Mixed methods research in the real world. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13, 2, 127–138. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570902996186]
21.
GarciaS., HallahanM., & RosenthalR. (2007). Poor expression: concealing social class stigma. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2, 99–107. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973530701330835]
22.
Garreta BochacaJ. (2006). Ethnic minorities and the Spanish and Catalan education systems: From exclusion to intercultural education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 2, 261–279. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.11.006]
GrayD., ShawJ., & FarringtonJ. (2006). Community transport, social capital and social exclusion in rural areas. Area, 38, 1, 89–98. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2006.00662.x]
25.
GriffithsA. (1989). Change in the countryside, the Cornish perspective. A study of twelve rural parishes in Cornwall.Exeter: Cornwall Rural Development Committee.
26.
GripaiosP. & McvittieE. (2003). UK Objective One regions: a suitable case for treatment?European Urban and Regional Studies. 10. 4, 369–373. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09697764030104006]
27.
HaleA. (2001). Representing the Cornish: contesting heritage interpretation in Cornwall. Tourist Studies, 1, 2, 185–196. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100205]
28.
HickmanM & WalterB. (1997). Discrimination and the Irish community in Britain; a report of research undertaken for the Commission for Racial Equality. London: Commission for Racial Equality.
29.
HofferthS. (2005). Secondary data analysis in family research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 4, 891–907. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00182.x]
30.
HollowayS. (2007). Burning issues: whiteness, rurality and the politics of difference. Geoforum, 38, 1, 7–20. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.01.004]
31.
HuskK. (2011). Ethnicity and social exclusion: research and policy implications in the South West. Social and Public Policy Review. 5, 1, 7–25
32.
Jasinskaja-LahtiI., LiebkindK., & PerhoniemiR. (2007). Perceived ethnic discrimination at work and well-being of immigrants in Finland: the moderating role of employment status and work-specific group-level control beliefs. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 2, 223–242. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.02.003]
33.
KiecoltK. & NathanL. (1985). Secondary analysis of survey data.London: Sage.
MohensiM. & LindstromM. (2008). Ethnic differences in anticipated discrimination, generalised trust in other people and self-rated health: a population-based study in Sweden. Ethnicity and Health, 13, 5, 417–434. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557850802009603]
36.
MoustakasC. (1994). Phenomenological research methods.London: Sage.
37.
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2009a). Information paper: deciding which tick-boxes to add to the ethnic group question in the 2011 England and Wales Census.London: Office for National Statistics.
38.
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2009b). Final recommended questions for the 2011 Census in England and Wales. National Identity.London: Office for National Statistics.
39.
OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS. (2010). 2001 Census; Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales) [Computer file]. ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas (University of Manchester).
40.
OnwuegbuzieA., LeechN. & CollinsK. (2011). ‘Toward a new era for conducting mixed analyses: the role of quantitative dominant and qualitative dominant crossover mixed analyses’. In WilliamsM. and VogtW. P. (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods. London: Sage.
41.
OperarioD. & FiskeS. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice; judgements of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 5, 550–561. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275004]
42.
PayneG., WilliamsM., & ChamberlainS. (2004). Methodological pluralism in British sociology. Sociology, 38, 1, 153–163. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038504039372]
43.
PaytonP. (1992). The making of modern Cornwall.Redruth: Dyllansow Truran.
44.
PaytonP. (1997). Cornwall in context: the new Cornish historiography. In PaytonP. (Ed.), Cornish Studies Five (pp. 9–20). Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies.
45.
PhillipsM., FishR., & AggJ. (2001). ‘Putting together ruralities: towards a symbolic analysis of rurality in the British mass media.’Journal of Rural Studies, 17, 1–27 [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00015-2]
46.
RapoportT. & Lomsky-FederE. (2002). ‘Intelligentsia’ as ethnic habitus: the inculcation and restructuring of intelligentsia among Russian Jews. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23, 2, 233–248. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425690220137738]
47.
ReygadasL. (2005). Imagined inequalities: representations of discrimination and exclusion in Latin America. Social Identities, 11, 5, 489–508. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630500407943]
48.
RichardsonT. (2000). Discourses of rurality in EU spatial policy: the European spatial development perspective. Sociologia Ruralis, 40, 1, 53–71. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00131]
49.
Rivas-DrakeD. (2008). Perceived opportunity, ethnic identity, and achievement motivation among Latinos at a selective public university. Journal of Latinos and Education, 7, 2, 113–128. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348430701828632]
50.
SchutzA. (1967). [1932] The phenomenology of the social world.Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
51.
ShubinS. (2010). Cultural exclusion and rural poverty in Ireland and Russia. Transactions of the Institute of British Geography, 35, 4, 555–570. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00402.x]
52.
ShucksmithM. & ChapmanP. (1998). Rural development and social exclusion. Sociologia Ruralis, 38, 2, 225–242. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00073]
53.
SimpsonL. & AkinwaleB. (2007). Quantifying stability and change in ethnic groups. Journal of Official Statistics, 23.2, 185–208.
54.
SipeS., JohnsonD., & FisherD. (2009). University students’ perceptions of gender discrimination in the workplace: reality versus fiction. Journal of Education for Business, 84, 6, 339–349. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.84.6.339-349]
55.
SkrobanekJ. (2009). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity and the (re-) ethnicisation of youth with a Turkish ethnic background in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 4, 535–554. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830902765020]
56.
SmithA. D. (1988). The Ethnic Origins of Nations.Oxford: Blackwell.
57.
SOUTH WEST OBSERVATORY (2011). State of the South West 2011Taunton: SWO.
58.
SucklingS., RyanP., & DentM. (2009). Beliefs, barriers and control: a model for research into social exclusion. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 22, 5, 423–431. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513550910972509]
59.
TantonR., HardingA., DalyA., McnamaraJ., & YapM. (2010). Australian children at risk of social exclusion: a spatial index for gauging relative disadvantage. Population, Space and Place, 16, 2, 135–150. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.531]
60.
TaylorD., WrightS., MoghaddamF., & LalondeR. (1990). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 2, 254–262. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167290162006]
61.
ThorntonP. (1996). Second homes in Cornwall. In PaytonP. (Ed.), Cornish Studies Four (pp. 152–157). Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies.
62.
VerkuytenM. (2002). Perceptions of ethnic discrimination by minority and majority early adolescents in the Netherlands. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 6, 321–332. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590244000142]
63.
WickramaK., ElderG., & AbrahamT. (2007). Rurality and ethnicity in adolescent physical illness: are children of the growing rural Latino population at excess health risk?The Journal of Rural Health, 23, 3, 228–237. [doi:://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2007.00095.x]
64.
WilliamsM. & HarrisonE. (1995). Movers and Stayers: A comparison of migratory and non-migratory groups in Cornwall, 1981-91. In PaytonP. (Ed.), Cornish Studies Three (pp. 176–193). Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies.
65.
WilliamsM. (2002). The new Cornish social science. In PaytonP. (Ed.), Cornish Studies Ten (pp. 44–66). Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies.
66.
WilliamsM. (2003). Why is Cornwall poor? Poverty and in-migration since the 1960s. Contemporary British History. 17. 3, 55–70
67.
WilliamsM. & VogtW. P. (2011). ‘Introduction’. In WilliamsM. and VogtW. P. (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods. London: Sage
