Neonatal respiratory care practices have changed with breathtaking speed in the past few years. It is critical for the respiratory therapist and others caring for neonates to be up to date with current recommendations and evolving care practices. The purpose of this article is to review papers of particular note that were published in 2015 and address important aspects of newborn respiratory care.
PerlmanJM, WyllieJ, KattwinkelJ, WyckoffMH, AzizK, GuinsburgR, et al. Part 7: neonatal resuscitation: 2015 international consensus of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation, 2015; 132(16 Suppl 1):S204–S241.
2.
WyckoffMH, AzizK, EscobedoMB, KapadiaVS, KattwinkelJ, PerlmanJM, et al. Part 13: neonatal resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, 2015; 132(18 Suppl 2):S543–S560.
3.
te PasAB, LoprioreE, DitoI, MorleyCJ, WaltherFJ. Humidified and heated air during stabilization at birth improves temperature in preterm infants. Pediatrics, 2010; 125(6):e1427–e1432.
4.
MeyerMP, HouD, IshrarNN, DitoI, te PasAB. Initial respiratory support with cold, dry gas versus heated humidified gas and admission temperature of preterm infants. J Pediatr, 2015; 166(2):245–250.e1.
5.
Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Respiratory support in preterm infants at birth. Pediatrics, 2014; 133(1):171–174.
6.
SchmölzerGM, KumarM, AzizK, PichlerG, O'ReillyM, ListaG, CheungPY. Sustained inflation versus positive pressure ventilation at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2015; 100(4):F361–F368.
7.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. The Apgar Score. Pediatrics, 2015; 136(4):819–822.
8.
EhrensteinV. Association of Apgar scores with death and neurologic disability. Clin Epidemiol, 2009; 1:45–53.
9.
MosterD, LieRT, IrgensLM, BjerkedalT, MarkestadT. The association of Apgar score with subsequent death and cerebral palsy: a population-based study in term infants. J Pediatr, 2001; 138(6):798–803.
10.
NelsonKB, EllenbergJH. Apgar scores as predictors of chronic neurologic disability. Pediatrics, 1981; 68(1)36–44.
11.
LieKK, GroholtEK, EskildA. Association of cerebral palsy with Apgar score in low and normal birthweight infants: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2010; 341; c4990.
12.
EllsworthMA, HarrisMN, CareyWA, SpitzerAR, ClarkRH. Off-label use of inhaled nitric oxide after release of NIH consensus statement. Pediatrics, 2015; 135(4):643–648.
13.
ColeFS, AlleyneC, BarksJD, BoyleRJ, CarrollJL, DokkenD, et al. NIH Consensus Development Conference statement: inhaled nitric oxide therapy for premature infants. Pediatrics, 2011; 127(2):363–369.
14.
AskieLM, BallardRA, CutterGR, DaniC, ElbourneD, FieldD, et al. Meta-analysis of preterm patients on inhaled nitric oxide collaboration: inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pediatrics, 2011; 128(4):729–739.
15.
FinerNN, EvansN. Inhaled nitric oxide for the preterm infant: evidence versus practice. Pediatrics, 2015; 135(4):754–756.
16.
IsayamaT, Chai-AdisaksophaC, McDonaldSD. Noninvasive ventilation with vs without early surfactant to prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 2015; 169(8):731–739.
17.
KribsA, RollC, GöpelW, WiegC, GroneckP, LauxR, et al. Nonintubated surfactant application vs conventional therapy in extremely preterm infants. JAMA Pediatr, 2015; 169(8):723–730.
18.
DargavillePA. CPAP, surfactant, or both for the preterm infant: resolving the dilemma. JAMA Pediatr, 2015:169(8):715–717.
19.
PolinRA, CarloWA, Committee on the Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Surfactant replacement therapy for preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress. Pediatrics, 2014; 133(1):156–163.
20.
FabresJ, CarloWA, PhillipsV, HowardG, AmbalavananN. Both extremes of arterial carbon dioxide pressure and the magnitude of fluctuations in arterial carbon dioxide pressure are associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Pediatrics, 2007; 119(2):299–305.
21.
KaiserJR, GaussCH, PontMM, WilliamsDK. Hypercapnia during the first 3 days of life is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol, 2006; 26(5):279–285.
22.
ShankaranS, LangerJC, KazziSN, LaptookAR, WalshM, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Cumulative index of exposure to hypocarbia and hyperoxia as risk factors for periventricular leukomalacia in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 2006; 118(4):1654–1659.
23.
McKeeLA, FabresJ, HowardG, Peralta-CarcelenM, CarloWA, AmbalavananN. PaCO2 and neurodevelopment in extremely low birth weight infants. J Pediatr, 2009; 155(2):217–221.
24.
PappasA, ShankaranS, LaptookAR, LangerJC, BaraR, EhrenkranzRA, et al. Hypocarbia and adverse outcome in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Pediatr, 2011; 158(5):752–758.
25.
AmbalavananN, CarloWA, WrageLA, DasA, LaughonM, CottenCM, et al. PaCO2 in surfactant, positive pressure, and oxygenation randomized trial (SUPPORT). Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2015; 100(2):F145–F149.
26.
van KaamAH, HummlerHD, WilinskaM, SwietlinskiJ, LalMK, te PasAB, et al. Automated versus manual oxygen control with different saturation targets and modes of respiratory support in preterm infants. J Pediatr, 2015; 167(3):545–550.e1-2.
27.
WaitzM, SchmidMB, FuchsH, MendlerMR, DreyhauptJ, HummlerHD. Effects of automated adjustment of the inspired oxygen on fluctuations of arterial and regional cerebral tissue oxygenation in preterm infants with frequent desaturations. J Pediatr, 2015; 166(2):240–244.e1.
28.
FlakeAW. Extracorporeal support of the premature infant: the artificial placenta/uterus. Presentation at: Hot Topics in Neonatology, Washington DC, 126–9, 2015.
