Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine and Valsartan

Abstract

A spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous determination of amlodipine (Aml) and valsartan (Val) without previous separation. In this method amlodipine in methanolic solution was determined using zero order UV spectrophotometry by measuring its absorbency at 360.5 nm without any interference from valsartan.

Valsartan spectrum in zero order is totally overlapped with that of amlodipine. First, second and third derivative could not resolve the overlapped peaks.

The first derivative of the ratio spectra technique was applied for the measurement of valsartan. The ratio spectrum was obtained by dividing the absorption spectrum of the mixture by that of amlodipine, so that the concentration of valsartan could be determined from the first derivative of the ratio spectrum at 290 nm. Quantification limits of amlodipine and valsartan were 10-80 μg/ml and 20-180 μg/ml respectively. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of both drugs in bulk powder and pharmaceutical formulation.

Introduction

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is used for management of hypertension and angina pectoris. ¹ Several methods were developed for amlodipine determination. The most recent reported methods include capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods which were used for amlodipine determination^2–4 or for enantiomer separation and determination of amlodipine.^5–7

HPLC methods were used for the determination of amoldipine alone either in human fluids or in tablet form.^8–15 Other HPLC methods determine amlodipine in a mixture with another drug as metoprolol succinate,^16,17 atrovastatin,^18,19 benazepril^20,21 and losartan. ²² Amlodipine was determined in tablets and biological fluids using voltametric method. ²³ Spectrophotometric methods were used for the determination of amlodipine,^24,25 amlodipine, enalapril mixture ²⁶ or for monitoring amlodipine photodegradation. ²⁷

Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used in the management of hypertension to reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction and heart failure. ¹

Several methods have been reported for valsartan assay including HPLC methods,^28–32 spectrofluorimetric method ³³ and capillary electrophoresis. ³⁴

Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide mixture were determined using HPLC methods,^35–37 derivative spectrophotometric methods,^38–40 TLC method ⁴¹ and CE method. ⁴²

Two HPLC methods for the determination of valsartan and nebivolol were reported.^43,44

Simultaneous determination of valsartan and amlodipine in post mortem whole blood was carried out using HPLC-MS technique. ⁴⁵

The goal of antihypertensive therapy is to abolish the risks associated with blood pressure elevation without adversely affecting quality of life. Drug selection is based on efficacy in lowering blood pressure and in reducing cardiovascular end points including stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. The American Society of Hypertension presents a paper on combination therapy of hypertension. Specific combinations are designated as preferred or acceptable, less effective combinations are also identified. The study classifies the combination therapy of amlodipine and valsartan as acceptable. ⁴⁶

Experimental

Chemicals and Reagents

• •

Amlodipine and valsartan donated by Novartis, Egypt.

•

Exforge tablets labeled to contain 10 mg of amlpdipine and 160 mg of valsartan. Batch number 0051, manufactured by Novartis, Egypt.

•

Methanol analytical grade (Analar).

Apparatus

• •

Ultraviolet/Visible spectrophotometer, Shimadzu, Japan 1601pc.

•

Ultrasonic crest model 575T Cortland, New York 13045, USA.

Sample Preparation

Stock methanolic solution of amlodipine and valsartan of concentration 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml respectively were separately prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of the respective substance in methanol. Working standard solutions used for method optimization were prepared freshly before application by mixing suitable aliquots of stock solutions of amlodipine and valsartan and diluted with methanol to obtain the required concentration ranges.

Stock methanolic solution of laboratory prepared mixture of amlodipine and valsartan containing 100 μg/ml and 1.6 mg/ml respectively was prepared by dissolving 25 mg amlodipine and 400 mg valsartan in 250 ml methanol.

Tablets working solution was prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of powdered exforge tablets sample containing an equivalent of 10 mg amlodipine and 160 mg valsartan was transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask, then 70 ml methanol was added. The mixture was sonicated for ten minutes and the volume was made up using methanol, then the sample was filtered.

Procedure

Aliquots (1-8 ml) or (1-9 ml) of amlodipine or valsartan stock solutions respectively were transferred into two separate series of 10 ml volumetric flasks and volumes were made up with methanol. The absorbance spectrum of each flask were recorded at zero order between 200-450 nm and stored in a personal computer.

Figure 1.

Amlodipine (1) and valsartan (2) structure formula.

The absorbance of amlodipine series were determined in zero order at 360.5 nm.

The UV absorption spectra of the series of valsartan solutions were divided wavelength by wavelength by a standard spectrum of amlodipine (40 μg/ml). The first derivative of the obtained ratio spectra with Δλ = 4 nm and scaling factor equal 10 were used for determination of valsartan concentration from the amplitude at 290 nm.

Application of the Method for the Determination of Laboratory Prepared Mixture

The method was applied for the determination of laboratory prepared mixture of amlodipine and valsartan containing 100 μg/ml and 1.6 mg/ml respectively. Aliquots (1-8 ml) and (1.5-10 ml) of the stock methanolic solution of laboratory prepared mixture were transferred into two separate series of 10 ml and 100 ml volumetric flasks, volumes were made up using methanol. The first series of (10 ml) volumetric flasks was used for the determination of amlodipine, while the other series (100 ml volumetric flasks) was used for the determination of valsartan applying the same mentioned procedure.

Application of the Method for the Determination of Exforge Tablets

Aliquots of 1.5, 4 and 8 ml of tablets working solution were transferred into two separate series of 10 ml and 100 ml volumetric flasks for determination of amlodipine and valsartan respectively.

To study the accuracy of the proposed method and check the interference from excipients present in the dosage form, recovery experiment were carried out by standard addition method. This study was performed by addition of different amounts of amlodipine and valsartan to a known concentration of the commercial tablets.

Result and Discussion

The UV spectra of amlodipine and valsartan in zero order show that amlodipine has a significant peak at 360.5 nm at which the spectrum of valsartan does not interfere (Fig. 2). So methanolic solution of amlodipine was quantitatively determined at 360.5 nm, Beer's law was obeyed over concentration range 10-80 μg/ml. The amlodipine concentration could be calculated using the following equation.

Figure 2.

UV spectrophotometric spectrum of methanolic solution of (1) amlodipine (45 μg/ml) and (2) valsartan (60 μg/ml).

$$\text{A}=\text{0}.\text{011C}+\text{0}.\text{003}$$

Valsartan spectrum in zero order shows a complete overlapping with that of amlodipine (Fig. 2). Applying first, second and third order spectra did not resolve valsartan peaks. So first derivative of the ratio spectra was applied to determine valsartan in presence of amlodipine.

The influence of Δλ and the effect of the divisor concentration on the calibration graph for the proposed mixture was studied in order to select the best factor for the determination. Results indicate that Δλ = 4 was the most suitable one, while divisor concentration range 10-60 μg/ml gave good results, 40 μg/ml was used overall.

For the determination of valsartan the absorption spectra of valsartan was divided by that of standard amlodipine solution (40 μg/ml). The first derivative of the developed ratio spectra were calculated with Δλ = 4 and scaling factor equal 10. (Fig. 3) shows that valsartan could be determined by measuring the amplitude at 290 nm.

Figure 3.

First derivative of ratio spectra of different concentrations of valsartan using spectrum of amlodipine (40 μg/ml) as a divisor spectrum.

The proposed method is applicable over the concentration range 20-180 μg/ml. Valsartan concentrations could be determined applying the following equation.

$$\text{A}=\text{0}.\text{086C}+\text{0}.\text{101}$$

Parameters of regression equations of both drugs are collected in Table 1.

Table 1

Analytical parameters from calibration graph in quantification of amlodipine and valsartan by the proposed method.

Regression data	Amlodipine	Valsartan
Linearity	10-80 μg/ml	20-180 μg/ml
Slope	0.011	0.086
Intercept	0.003	0.101
r (correlation coefficient)	0.9996	0.9997
r 2 (coefficient of determination)	0.999	0.999
LOD (limit of detection)	5.5 μg/ml	8 μg/ml
LOQ (limit of quantitation)	8.5 μg/ml	12 μg/ml

Accuracy of the method was tested and results show M ± SD of 100.19 ± 0.76 and 99.91 ± 0.55 for amlodipine and valsartan respectively, (Table 2).

Table 2

Results of quantitative analysis of amlodipine and valsartan in bulk powder by the proposed method.

Taken		Found		% recovery
Aml*	Val**	Aml	Val	Aml	Val
10	20	10.09	20.01	100.90	100.55
25	40	24.88	40.12	99.5	100.30
45	80	45.16	79.32	100.35	99.15
65	140	65.59	139.52	100.90	99.66
75	180	74.48	179.84	99.30	99.88
		M ±SD		100.19 ± 0.76	99.91 ± 0.55

*

Aml = amlodipine

**

Val = valsartan.

In order to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method, recovery studies were performed by analysing laboratory prepared mixture of amlodipine and valsartan with different composition ratio (Table 3).

Table 3

Results of quantitative analysis of amlodipine and valsartan in laboratory prepared mixture by the proposed method.

Taken concentration of each drug in mixture		Found		% recovery
Aml	Val	Aml	Val	Aml	Val
15	24	14.90	23.89	99.33	99.55
20	32	20.22	32.27	101.10	100.84
40	64	39.94	64.64	99.85	101.00
60	96	60.53	95.22	100.88	99.19
80	128	79.55	129.16	99.44	100.90
		M ± SD		100.12 ± 0.820	100.30 ± 0.857

Results of the tested samples within day (repeatability) and between days (reproducibility) show standard deviation between results less than one indicating high degree of precision (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 4

Results of quantitative analysis of amlodipine and valsartan in laboratory prepared mixture by the proposed method three times within the same day (repeatability).

Taken		Found						Standard deviation
Aml	Val	Aml			Val
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	Aml	Val
30	48	30.8	30.42	29.17	47.66	47.17	48.36	0.85	0.62
50	80	50.25	49.98	49.38	80.15	80.62	79.13	0.45	0.76
65	104	63.97	65.54	64.76	104.90	103.98	103.74	0.78	0.61
80	128	80.14	79.85	80.62	127.92	128.56	128.60	0.39	0.38

Table 5

Results of quantitative analysis of amlodipine and valsartan in laboratory prepared mixture by the proposed method over three different days (reproducibility).

Taken		Found						Standard deviation
Aml	Val	Aml			Val
		1st day	2nd day	3rd day	1st day	2nd day	3rd day	Aml	Val
30	48	29.57	30.43	29.00	49.31	47.86	48.52	0.72	0.73
50	80	49.66	49.13	50.51	80.39	81.45	79.72	0.67	0.87
65	104	65.55	66.05	64.74	105.37	103.87	104.68	0.66	0.75
80	128	79.69	79.22	80.85	129.10	127.98	128.66	0.84	0.56

The proposed method can be conveniently used to determine both amlodipine and valsartan in exforge tablets (Table 6).

Table 6

Results of quantitative analysis of amlodipine and valsartan in exforge tablets by the proposed method.

Taken		Found		% recovery
Aml	Val	Aml	Val	Aml	Val
15	24	14.95	24.36	99.66	101.5
40	64	39.58	63.57	98.95	99.33
80	128	80.88	129.1	101.10	100.86
		M ± SD		99.9 ± 1.1	100.56 ± 1.1

The validity of the method was assessed by applying the standard addition technique for the determination of exforge tablets, good results were obtained (Table 7).

Table 7

Results for the application of the standard addition technique for the determination of amlodipine and valsartan in exforge tablets by the proposed method.

Taken from tablets (μg/ml)		Found of tablets		Added standard (μg/ml)		Found of added standard (μg/ml)		% recovery of added standard
Aml	Val	Aml	Val	Aml	Val	Aml	Val	Aml	Val
		14.95	24.36	25	40	25.21	39.58	100.85	98.94
15	24			45	72	45.45	72.56	101.00	100.78
				65	104	64.72	103.82	99.57	99.83
		39.58	63.57	15	24	15.08	24.13	100.53	100.54
40	64			20	32	20.08	32.36	100.38	101.12
				35	56	34.74	55.81	99.26	99.66
						M ± SD		100.27 ± 0.70	100.15 ± 0.81

Conclusion

In this study a new spectrophotometric method was developed to identify amlodipine and valsartan in mixture without previous separation. The method was optimized and validated. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amlodipine and valsartan in exforge tablets.

This method can yield results in a short time and does not require relatively expensive apparatus like HPLC.