Gambassi G., Lapane K., SgadariA. et al. Prevalence, clinical correlates and treatment of hypertension in elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med1998;158:2377-85.
2.
Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Amodeo C.Osler's maneuver and pseudohypertension. N Engl J Med1985;312:1548-51.
3.
Belmin J., Vistin JM, Salvatore R. et al. Osler's maneuver: absence of usefulness for the detection of pseudohypertension in an elderly population. Am J Med1995;98:42-9.
4.
Winberg N., Hoegolm A., Christensen et al. 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in 352 normal Danish subjects, related to age and gender.AmJMed1995;8:978-86.
5.
O'Brien E., Murphy J., Tyndall A. et al. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in men and women aged 17-80 years: the Allied Irish Bank Study . J Hypertens1991;9:355-60.
6.
Staessen J., Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R. et al. Reference values for the ambulatory blood pressure and the blood pressure measured at home: a population study. J Hum Hypertens1991; 5:355-61.
7.
Trenkwalder P., Plaschke M., Steffes-Tremer I. et al. White-coat hypertension and alerting reaction in elderly and very elderly hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure1993;2:262-71.
8.
Fotherby MD, Potter JFTwenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in old, very old subjects . J Hypertens1995;13:1742-6.
9.
Anderson GH Jr, Blakeman N., Streeten DHThe effect of age on prevalence secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens1994;12:609-15. 10. Lisitz LAOrthostatic hypotension in the elderly. N Engl J Med1989;321:952-7.
10.
Mader SL, Josephson KE, Rubenstein LZLow prevalence of postural hypotension among community-dwelling elderly . JAMA1987;258:1511-14.
11.
Caird FI, Andrews GR, Kennedy RDEffect of posture on blood pressure in the elderly. Br Heart J1973;35:527-30.
12.
MacLennanWJ , Hall MR,Timothy JLPostural hypotension in old age: is it a disorder of the nervous system or of blood vessels?Age Ageing1980;12:25-32.
13.
Applegate WB , Davis BR, Black HR et al. Prevalence of postural hypotension at baseline in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) cohort . J Am Geriatr Soc1991 ;39:1057-64.
14.
Vanhanen H. ,Thijs L., Birkenhäger W. et al. Associations of orthostatic blood pressure fall in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension . J Hypertens1996;14:943-9.
15.
Harris R., Kleinman J., Lipsitz L. et al. Is age or level of systolic blood pressure related to positional blood pressure change?Gerontologist1986;26:59A.
16.
Rutan GH, Hermansson B., Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension1992;19:508-19.
17.
Lipsitz LA, Nyqvist RP, Wei JY et al. Postprandial reduction in blood pressure in the elderly. N Engl J Med1983;309:81-3.
18.
Macrae AD, Bulpitt CJAssessment of postural hypotension in the elderly patient. Age Ageing1989;18:110-12.
19.
James MA, Potter JFOrthostatic blood pressure changes and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in elderly subjects. Age and Ageing1999;28:522-30.
20.
Carey BJ, Eames PJ, Blake MJ et al. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is unaffected by ageing. Stroke2000;31:2895-900.
21.
Fotherby MD , Iqbal P.Antihypertensive therapy and orthostatic responses in elderly hospital in-patients. J Hum Hypertens1997;11:291-4.
22.
McInnes GT, O'Kane KP, Jonker J. et al. The efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in an elderly hypertensive population. J Hum Hypertens1997;11(suppl 2):S75-80.
23.
Belcher G.Safety and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in the elderly. J Hypertens1998;16(suppl 2):249.
24.
Burnier M.Long-term compliance with antihypertensive therapy: another facet of chronotherapeutics in hypertension. Blood Pressure Monitoring2000;5(suppl 1):S31-4.
25.
Conlin PR, Gerth WC, Fox J. et al. Four-year persistence patterns among patients initiating therapy with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan versus other antihypertensive drug classes. Clinical Therapeutics2001;23:1999-2010.
26.
Vaur L., Vaisse B., Genes N., Elkik F., Legrand C., Poggi L.Use of electronic pill boxes to assess risk of poor treatment compliance: results of a large-scale trial. Am J Hypertens1999; 12:374-80.
27.
Meredith PATherapeutic implications of drug `holidays' . Eur Heart J1996;17(suppl A):21-4.
28.
Lacourcière Y.,Asmar R. for the Candesartan/Losartan study investigators.A comparison of the efficacy and duration of action of candesartan cilexetil and losartan as assessed by clinic and ambulatory blood pressure after on missed dose, in truly hypertensive patients. A placebo-controlled, forced titration study. Am J Hypertens1999;12:1181-7.
29.
Öhman KP, Milon H.,Valnes K.Candesartan cilexetil/HCTZ in primary hypertension insufficiently controlled on monotherapy - a comparison with losartan/HCTZ. J Hypertens2000;18(suppl 2):S153.
30.
Koenig W., on behalf of the Multicentre Study Group.Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of combination tablets containing candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide or losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Clin Drug Invest2000;19: 239-46.
31.
Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA et al., for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group.Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension [published correction appears in JAMA. 1997;277:1356]. JAMA1996;276:1886-92.
32.
Tuomilehto J. , Rastenyte D., Birkenhager WH et al. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. NEnglJMed1999;340(9):677-84.
33.
The ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group.Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?Ann Intern Med2001;134:370-9.
34.
Parving HH, Lehnert H., Bröchner-Mortensen J. et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2001; 345:870-8.
35.
Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D. et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med2001; 345(12):861-9.
36.
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2001;345:851-80.
37.
Swedberg K. , Pfeffer M., Granger C. et al. Candesartan in heart failure--assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM): rationale and design. Charm-Programme Investigators. J Card Fail1999;5:276-82.
38.
PROGRESS Collaborative Group.Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6150 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack . 2001;358:1033-41.
39.
Bosch J., Yusuf S., Pogue J. et al. HOPE Investigators.Heart outcomes prevention evaluation. Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. BMJ2002;324:699-702.
40.
Nishimura Y. , Ito T., Saavedra JMAngiotensin II AT1 blockade normalizes cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduces cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke2000 ;31:2478-86.
41.
Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ et al.Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA1993;270:713-24.
42.
Deary AJ, Schumann AL, Murfet H., Haydock SF, Foo RS-Y, Brown MJDouble-blind, placebo controlled crossover comparison of five classes of antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens2002 ;20:771-7.
43.
Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J. et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med2000;342:145-53.
44.
Dahlöf B., Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet2002;59:995-1003.
45.
Neldam S., Forsen B.Multicentre Study Group. Antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients aged 75 years or over: a 24-week study of the tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in relation to hydrochlorothiazide. Drugs & Ageing2001; 18:225-32.
46.
Conlin PR, Spence JD, Williams B.Angiotensin II antagonists for hypertension: are there differences in efficacy?Am J Hypertens2000;13:418-26.
47.
Meredith PAClinical comparative trials of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1)-receptor blockers. Blood Press2001;10(suppl 3):11-17.
48.
Ferrucci L. , Furberg CD, Penninx Bwjh et al. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with high risk profile. Circulation2001;104:1923-6.
