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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

COVID-19 has affected many countries in the world and has been known as one of the fast-spreading viruses in recent history.

OBJECTIVE:

Our aim is to reveal the level of anxiety and burnout, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of healthcare professionals about COVID-19 in Turkey.

METHODS:

The individuals included in the study answered seven questions containing demographic information, 27 questions determining their views and perspectives on COVID-19. Anxiety level was measured by Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI), and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI); burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

RESULTS:

We included 66 health staff (50 female, 16 male) whose mean age was 31.71±5.18 years (22–46 ranged). Twenty-two (33.3%) of the participants worked on the COVID-19 frontline while 44 (66.6%) of them worked on usual wards.

We found that participants’ anxiety was at a moderate level in BAI (mean: 14.00±12.66). The mean of the SAI was 49.93±13.06. MBI subscales were low. We found that there was a significant difference in BAI between COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals and those who worked on the usual wards (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

It is important to consider the level of anxiety and burnout in all healthcare professionals and to help them to protect their mental health.

Keywords

Pandemic health staff mental health

1 Introduction

COVID-19 has affected many countries in the world and has been known as one of the fast-spreading viruses in recent history. Various precautions have been taken in many countries to prevent transmission of the virus. Healthcare professionals are undoubtedly responsible for most of the workload in the pandemic process [1, 2].

Due to the large number of cases suddenly infected by COVID-19, the hospitals remained insufficient, and the patients could not receive health care under suitable conditions. Many healthcare professionals were infected, and some of them died. It is thought that health staff’s workloads have been increased due to COVID-19, some of them did not go to homes to prevent contamination and all these have caused exhausted feelings and anxiety in healthcare professionals [3 –5].

In this process, healthcare professionals were exposed to situations such as long working hours, insufficient medical equipment, and working with protective equipment to prevent contamination all over the world. So, their anxiety increased and they felt exhausted [6].

It has been demonstrated that anxiety developed in healthcare professionals while in the fight against such epidemic diseases. In the period of the SARS epidemic, it was shown that nurses working in the emergency room developed widespread anxiety due to long periods of working with infected patients in closed environments [7 –9].

The well-being of the health personnel during the pandemic is important for the success of the treatment of patients with COVID-19 [10]. Wu et al. conducted a study to compare the severity of burnout levels between physicians and nurses on the frontline and those working on usual wards. They found that the burnout level of healthcare professionals working in the service of uninfected patients was found to be higher than that of healthcare professionals working with patients diagnosed with COVID-19. It is important to consider all the health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic [11].

There have been 4.323.596 infected cases, 36.267 deaths, and 3.736.537 recoveries by 20 April 2021 in Turkey [12, 13]. Officials took every precaution to struggle with COVID-19 in Turkey in the early days of the pandemic while no cases yet in Turkey were confirmed. Authorities established awareness of the community through the media and they prepared health systems such as medication, and respiratory system devices required for intensive care unit. We saw that the current rate of death cases in Turkey was low compared to the world. This was since our healthcare system continued to function optimally.

Few studies examined anxiety levels and attitudes of the healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and local studies are not enough. We conducted this study in Hatay, the south of Turkey at the borderline of Syria. Healthcare professionals are trying to provide healthcare services to both Turkish and Syrian patients in Hatay. Our aim is to reveal the level of anxiety and burnout, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of healthcare professionals about COVID-19 in Hatay, Turkey. Also, we want to find out whether the burnout and anxiety level of frontline COVID-19 healthcare professionals was higher than that of those who worked on the usual wards.

2 Methods

The study included 66 healthcare professionals who were COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals and who worked on usual wards. Ethics committee approval was obtained from Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Ethical Council.

2.1 Questioning demographic characteristics and thoughts about COVID-19

The individuals included in the study answered seven questions containing demographic information, 27 questions determining their views and perspectives on COVID-19. Anxiety level was measured by Beck Anxiety Inventory, and State Anxiety Inventory; burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory. The questionnaire was made via a link that was sent to the participants’ phones on the internet (by the WhatsApp application).

A questionnaire with 27 questions was designed that included the individual’s thoughts on COVID-19, changes of the individuals’ lifestyle after COVID-19, COVID-19’s reflections on business life, social life, and human relations, cautions, resources were used to inform about COVID-19. This questionnaire was designed by the authors. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used.

2.2 Outcome measures

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 4-point Likert-type scale with 21 items and scored between 0–3 (0: none, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: serious). BAI evaluates how often the individual experienced the symptoms of anxiety in the last week. A higher score indicates a higher anxiety level. The total score is calculated by finding the sum of the 21 items [14]. The validity and reliability in Turkish of BAI were determined by Ulusoy et al. [15].

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a 5-point Likert-type scale was developed by Maslach et al. and it is scored between 0–4 (0 = Never, 1 = Very rare, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Often, 4 = Always). MBI consists of 22 items and 3 subscales as Emotional Exhaustion (EE) (9 items), Depersonalization (DP) (5 items), and Personal Accomplishment (PA) (8 items). Scores are obtained ranging between 0–36 for EE, 0–20 for DP, and 0–32 for PA.

In the EE and DP subscales, higher scores indicate a higher burnout while lower scores indicate an increase in burnout in PA due to the reverse scoring [16]. The validity and reliability of the MBI in Turkish were determined by Ergin et al. [17].

The State Anxiety Subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory consists of 20 questions in the 4-point Likert type (1 = none, 2 = some, 3 = many, 4 = completely). The State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) allows the individual to describe how he/she feels at a given moment and under certain conditions. The questions in the content of the SAI require taking into account the feelings of the individual about his/her situation while answering. The highest score obtained from SAI is 80, while the lowest score is 20. A higher anxiety score indicates a greater level of anxiety. Ercan et al. found that a cut-off value of 41 was optimal for SAI. The Turkish validity, reliability, and cultural adaptation of SAI were performed by Oner and LeCompte [18, 19].

2.3 Statistical analysis

Numbers and percentages were used to present descriptive characteristics of the participants. For parametric scales’ correlation Pearson Correlation test was used, and for non-parametric scales’ correlation Spearman Correlation test was applied. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for group comparison. The level of significance was 5%, r = 0.40–0.75 was accepted as moderate correlation while 0.75 > r accepted as high correlation.

3 Results

We included 66 health staff (50 female, 16 male) whose mean age was 31.71±5.18 years (22–46 ranged). Twenty-two (33.3%) of the participants worked on the frontline while 44 (66.6%) of them worked on the usual wards (Table 1).

Table 1
Characteristics of the participants

n %

Gender Female 50 75.8

Male 16 24.2

Marital status Married 32 48.5

Single 32 48.5

Divorced 2 3.0

Profession Physician 19 28.8

Physiotherapist 12 18.2

Nurse 22 33.3

Health technician 1 1.5

Anesthesiologist 3 4.5

Emergency medicine technician 1 1.5

Nutritionist 1 1.5

Health officer 1 1.5

Dentist 4 6.1

Midwife 2 3.0

Education level Bachelor 32 48.5

Master of science 12 18.2

PhD 3 4.5

Specialist 5 7.6

Assistant 8 12.1

Associate degree 5 7.6

High school 1 1.5

Number of the children 0 37 56.1

1 9 13.6

2 17 25.8

3 2 3.0

4 1 1.5

Do you currently work with people with COVID-19? Yes 22 33.3

No 44 66.7

When do you think that the pandemic will end? No idea 2 3.0

January 2 3.0

November 1 1.5

April 1 1.5

May 9 13.6

June 22 33.3

July 15 22.7

August 7 10.6

September 7 10.6

		n	%
Gender	Female	50	75.8
	Male	16	24.2
Marital status	Married	32	48.5
	Single	32	48.5
	Divorced	2	3.0
Profession	Physician	19	28.8
	Physiotherapist	12	18.2
	Nurse	22	33.3
	Health technician	1	1.5
	Anesthesiologist	3	4.5
	Emergency medicine technician	1	1.5
	Nutritionist	1	1.5
	Health officer	1	1.5
	Dentist	4	6.1
	Midwife	2	3.0
Education level	Bachelor	32	48.5
	Master of science	12	18.2
	PhD	3	4.5
	Specialist	5	7.6
	Assistant	8	12.1
	Associate degree	5	7.6
	High school	1	1.5
Number of the children	0	37	56.1
	1	9	13.6
	2	17	25.8
	3	2	3.0
	4	1	1.5
Do you currently work with people with COVID-19?	Yes	22	33.3
	No	44	66.7
When do you think that the pandemic will end?	No idea	2	3.0
	January	2	3.0
	November	1	1.5
	April	1	1.5
	May	9	13.6
	June	22	33.3
	July	15	22.7
	August	7	10.6
	September	7	10.6

We found that most of the participants were afraid of the transmission of the COVID-19 (47%strongly agree, 40.9%agree). Half of the participants were afraid that their hygiene concerns would turn into an obsession (28.8%strongly agree, 21.2%agree). Most of the participants reported that (31.8%strongly agree + 18.2%agree) people try to avoid them because they are healthcare professionals. 56.1% + 24.2%(strongly agree + agree) were afraid of going home since they may cause their family to be infected (Table 2).

Table 2

Thoughts and feelings of the participants about COVID-19

	Strongly agree		Agree		Agree a little		Do not agree		Strongly do not agree
I’ m afraid of the transmission of COVID-19	31	47.0	27	40.9	5	7.6	3	4.5	0	0
I feel pessimistic and hopeless	22	33.3	18	27.3	16	24.2	8	12.1	2	3.0
I’m worried while working with patients that have fever	29	43.9	22	33.3	9	13.6	1	1.5	5	7.6
I’m angry with the infected patients	3	4.5	6	9.1	16	24.2	19	28.8	22	33.3
I follow the disinfection procedures	27	40.9	27	40.9	9	13.6	2	3.0	1	1.5
COVID-19 will end when the weather gets warmer	7	10.6	11	16.7	21	31.8	15	22.7	12	18.2
I’m afraid that my hygiene concerns will turn into obsession	19	28.8	14	21.2	11	16.7	12	18.2	10	15.2
I have an important role in protecting public health	29	43.9	23	34.8	9	13.6	3	4.5	2	3.0
People try to avoid me because I am a healthcare professional	21	31.8	12	18.2	15	22.7	14	21.2	4	6.1
I am afraid of going home from causing my family to be infected	37	56.1	16	24.2	7	10.6	2	3.0	4	6.1
I am undecided while working	9	13.6	15	22.7	18	27.3	17	25.8	7	10.6
I am thinking of resigning	4	6.1	1	1.5	6	9.1	20	30.3	35	53.0
I do not want to work any more	12	18.2	11	16.7	12	18.2	23	34.8	8	12.1
My workload has increased too much since the COVID-19 pandemic	9	13.6	9	13.6	16	24.2	16	24.2	16	24.2
My performance at work has decreased since the COVID-19 pandemic	12	18.2	15	22.7	18	27.3	16	24.2	5	7.6
My concentration has decreased since the COVID-19 pandemic	16	24.2	12	18.2	25	37.9	9	13.6	4	6.1
I feel irritated	19	28.8	16	24.2	15	22.7	13	19.7	3	4.5
I have insomnia due to the COVID-19 pandemic	9	13.6	5	7.6	19	28.8	20	30.3	13	19.7
I am insensitive and unresponsive to events due to the COVID-19 pandemic	7	10.6	13	19.7	16	24.2	19	28.8	11	16.7
I feel as if everything is infected due to the COVID-19 pandemic	18	27.3	16	24.2	14	21.2	13	19.7	5	7.6
I always feel dirty since the COVID-19 pandemic	20	30.3	20	30.3	10	15.2	13	19.7	3	4.5
I’m surprised by the events	16	24.2	28	42.4	10	15.2	10	15.2	2	3.0
My awareness of events and people decreased after the COVID-19 pandemic	7	10.6	5	7.6	16	24.2	21	31.8	17	25.8
I am trying to escape from the news and information about the COVID-19 pandemic	3	4.5	4	6.1	5	7.6	24	36.4	30	45.5
I want to stay away from other people	23	34.8	24	36.4	10	15.2	7	10.6	2	3.0
I always watch the news in my spare time since the COVID-19 pandemic	17	25.8	23	34.8	15	22.7	9	13.6	2	3.0
I am using social media more than I did before the COVID-19 pandemic	19	28.8	16	24.2	17	25.8	10	15.2	4	6.1

We found that participants’ anxiety was at a moderate level in BAI (mean: 14.00±12.66). The mean of the SAI was 49.93±13.06. MBI subscales were low (Table 3).

Table 3

Beck Anxiety Inventory, State Anxiety Inventory, and Maslach Burnout Inventory Scales’ scores

		Mean±SD	Min-Max
Beck Anxiety Inventory		14.00±12.66	0–55
State Anxiety Inventory		49.93±13.06	21–80
Maslach Burnout Inventory Emotional Exhaustion	Emotional Exhaustion Subscale	15.74±7.72	0–34
	Depersonalization Subscale	5.37±4.07	0–17
	Personal Accomplishment Subscale	19.09±5.50	5–31

We found that there was a significant difference in BAI between frontline COVID-19 healthcare professionals and those who worked on the usual wards (p = 0.01), (Table 4, Fig. 1).

Table 4

Differences between frontline COVID-19 healthcare professionals and those who worked on the usual wards

	COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals n = 22		Usual ward healthcare professionals n = 44
	X	SD	X	SD	z	p
Beck Anxiety Inventory	20.95	15.80	10.61	9.52	–2.56	0.01
State Anxiety Inventory	50.90	14.36	49.27	12.61	–0.59	0.55
MBI Emotional Exhaustion	17.71	8.33	14.79	7.42	–0.98	0.32
MBI Depersonalization	5.80	5.13	5.18	3.55	–0.81	0.41
MBI Personal Accomplishment	19.66	6.11	18.75	5.28	–0.09	0.92

Mann-Whitney U test, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Fig. 1

Burnout and anxiety level of frontline COVID-19 healthcare professionals and those who worked on the usual wards.

There was a positive, significant, and moderate correlation between BAI, and SAI (r = 0.537); between BAI, and MBI-EE Subscale (r = 0.405). There was a positive, significant, and moderate correlation between SAI, and MBI-EE Subscale (r = 0.540); between SAI, and MBI-DP Subscale (r = 0.481). There was a positive, significant, and moderate correlation between MBI-EE Subscale, and MBI-DP Subscale (r = 0.543), (Table 5).

Table 5

Correlation between age, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State Anxiety Inventory, and Maslach Burnout Inventory Scales

		Age	Beck Anxiety Inventory	State Anxiety Scale	MBI Emotional Exhaustion	MBI Depersonalization	MBI Personal Accomplishment
Age	r	1
	p
Beck Anxiety Inventory	r	–0.044^*	1
	p	0.724	–
State Anxiety Scale	r	0.012^*	0.537^**	1
	p	0.921	0.000	–
MBI Emotional exhaustion	r	–0.111^*	0.351^**	0.540^*	1
	p	0.374	0.004	0.000	–
MBI Depersonalization	r	–0.099^*	0.202^**	0.481^*	0.543^*	1
	p	0.429	0.104	0.000	0.000
MBI Personal accomplishment	r	–0.054^*	–0.001^**	–0.225^*	–0.020^*	–0.016^**	1
	p	0.669	0.993	0.069	0.871	0.897	–

^*Pearson Correlation, ^**Spearman Correlation, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory.

4 Discussion

As a result of our study, it has been shown that healthcare professionals working with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 had low-moderate levels of anxiety and their anxiety status was associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. As a result, it has been shown that healthcare professionals were afraid of COVID-19 transmission, so they felt pessimistic and unhappy, and nervous while working with patients with fever. They reported that they felt irritated, they regarded everything and themselves as dirty, they were afraid to go home and infect their families, and were afraid that their habit of hygiene in this process will turn into an obsession. We found that frontline COVID-19 healthcare professionals had higher anxiety levels than those who worked on the usual wards.

Most of them reported that (31.8%strongly agree +18.2%agree) people tried to avoid them because they are healthcare professionals. They stated that especially this situation made them extremely unhappy since the healthcare professionals that were living alone were completely isolated. They reported that both their families and friends wanted to avoid them.

Most of the healthcare professionals were afraid (56.1%strongly agree + 24.2%agree) of infecting their families. So, some of them reported that they did not want to go home.

The World Health Organization defines burnout not as a health problem, but as a chronic workplace stress situation [20]. It is a psychological condition such as energy depletion, negative emotions about work. It is widely seen among healthcare professionals. MBI is widely used in the assessment of burnout. MBI Emotional exhaustion is the feeling of being exhausted and overloaded by the person’s profession; depersonalization means the individual does not feel emotional about the people she/he serves. The personal accomplishment section defines the person’s feelings of successfully overcoming the problems [16, 17].

MBI scores are obtained ranging between 0–36 for EE, 0–20 for DP, and 0–32 for PA [16, 17]. We found that EE mean was 15.74±7.72; the mean of the EE was at an average burnout level. DP mean was 5.37±4.07 and participants were at a low level of burnout. PA mean was 19.09±5.50, and this mean was at a low level. But the MBI-EE, MBI-DP, MBI-PA scores were higher in healthcare professionals that working with COVID-19 patients more than not working with COVID-19 patients. The difference was not significant but if even one of the healthcare professionals had burnout, we should consider it and try to help her/him. We concluded that there was a moderate correlation between SAI and MBI-EE; BAI and MBI-EE. Emotional exhaustion was correlated with anxiety.

Emotional burnout can occur even if the workload of the person is not very high. As a matter of fact, it was revealed that the workload of the individuals participating in our study did not increase much after the pandemic. Transmission anxiety caused more burnout levels than the workload. We did not find a significant difference between those working on the frontline and those working on the usual wards.

Individuals experiencing burnout during the pandemic should seek professional help. Some micro-practices were advised by Fessel et al., who reported that any small touch that will make one feel good will reduce the sense of burnout. This small touch will not treat burnout, but it may prevent it. Practices that decrease anxiety will provide less burnout [21].

Psychological support is given to the healthcare professionals in Turkey by psychological departments. Authorities are trying to generalize this to all hospitals and all individuals. Even though there is such an opportunity, healthcare professionals may not realize that they need psychological support. For this reason, authorities may warn the department chiefs of the hospitals to check their staff’s well-being regularly and to encourage them to go to the psychologist.

In a study conducted in China, it has been reported that healthcare professionals who take a role in the fight against COVID-19 are at risk of anxiety, and depression depending on many factors [22]. Long-term working with protective clothing and mask equipment, disconnection with their families, anxiety about disease transmission, and transportation have been reported as factors that increase their existing anxiety [23, 24]. As a result of our study, quite similar results have been revealed.

The individuals in our study stated that their relatives and friends stay away from them because they are healthcare professionals. Being a healthcare professional caused stigma in the pandemic period. They stated that even their partners were afraid to meet them. Besides, it has been revealed that they constantly wash their hands against the risk of infection and that they are afraid that this will turn into an obsession. Fear of transmitting the infection to the family caused some healthcare professionals to leave their homes and stay in places like guest homes, hotels. This increased people’s anxiety and burnout. It was found that the individuals participating in the study had low burnout in all burnout subscales.

The negative effect of the feeling of being infected fear on individuals is known [25]. As a result of the studies on the mental health of health workers struggling with COVID 19, the negative impact of this situation was emphasized [26 –29]. In our study, we found that participants feel uneasy and afraid of getting infected while working with patients with fever. “Keeping all staff protected from chronic stress and poor mental health during the pandemic response means that they will have a better capacity to fulfill their roles.” [30].

Participants had a moderate level of anxiety with BAI. But when we analyzed the anxiety and burnout difference between COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals and those not working with COVID-19, we found that COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals had a higher anxiety level than those who worked on the usual wards (p = 0.01).

SAI evaluates the current state of anxiety, asking how respondents feel “right now”. Some authors defined a cut point of 39–40. Ercan et al. reported that 41 cut-off is optimal for SAI [19 , 30–32]. Knight et al. conducted a study in which they included 110 participants and they found a mean score of the SAI was 29.92 for males, 34.47 for females [31]. We found that the mean SAI score was 49.93±13.06. This means health care workers suffer from moderate level anxiety in SAI.

The BAI is a brief measure of anxiety with a focus on somatic symptoms of anxiety. BAI questions physical symptoms related to anxiety such as tremors, weakness, and hot flushes in the legs. The following guidelines are recommended for the interpretation of scores: 0–9, normal or no anxiety; 10–18, mild to moderate anxiety; 19–29, moderate to severe anxiety; and 30–63, severe anxiety [14, 33]. In our study, we found the mean of the BAI was 14.00±12.66. They have a moderate anxiety level in BAI.

People were afraid of being infected by COVID-19 thus they did not want to go to the hospital except in emergencies during the early term of the pandemic. Therefore, the workload of the healthcare professionals who worked on the usual wards had been shown not to have increased so much. Therefore, it has been observed that one of the causes of emotional burnout is the fear of being infected. It was found that COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals had higher anxiety and burnout than those who worked on the usual wards in most of the scales in our study. However, there was no significant difference in the burnout level between them. In case we included more COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals in our study we would find a significant difference between professionals who worked frontline and those worked on the usual wards. In Fig. 1, it is shown that COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals’ scores of almost all scales were higher.

Healthcare professionals had to work as much as they did not work throughout their careers during the pandemic process. Correspondingly, health officials stated that they would reward healthcare workers with financial support and they this financial support reward motivated them. But unfortunately their relatives’ jobs were affected negatively through the pandemic. Tradesmen and private sector employees were adversely affected by the pandemic throughout the country because of the closing all the shops and workplaces. Even if healthcare professionals did not be affected financially directly, financial difficulties experienced by their relatives have been an important problem and an important factor that increased their anxiety level.

Fifty of the participants were female health workers in our study. A woman is a person who assumes primary responsibility for the house, for the family, and for child care in Turkey. When the mother is not at home, the household habits such as cooking and cleaning, and children are neglected which may have caused a high anxiety rate of the individuals in our study. Because female healthcare professionals’ bodies were at the hospital but their minds were at home. In addition, the female healthcare professionals’ fear of being infected in the hospital, and the risk of bringing the infection to home increased the anxiety.

Work-life balance is the key to success both at work and in social life. However, during the pandemic period, healthcare professionals had to work much above their power. Some healthcare professionals could not go home for days and had to work without rest. In addition, working with masks and visors also caused people to perceive their workload as heavier. However, resting properly affected healthcare professionals’ focusing level at work, success in patients’ treatment, and their patience.

The anxiety and burnout of the health personnel working in the frontlines may be at a level that will require psychologist support. Wu et al. reported that “both frontline and ordinary ward health staff should be taken into consideration when designing policies and procedures to support the welfare of healthcare professionals in the face of the COVID-19 crisis” [33 –35]. In the time of the pandemic, the level of anxiety of all healthcare professionals increased [36]. Therefore, necessary measures must be taken to protect the mental well-being of all healthcare professionals.

Babamiri et al. reported that researches on reducing burnout in healthcare professionals in the COVID-19 outbreak were limited. Such researches may provide a clinical practice guideline to reduce burnout in health workers as the frontline soldiers against outbreaks such as SARS and COVID-19 [37].

One of our limitations was the small study group. We recommend future studies to include more subjects in each job group and to compare them. Also, we think that the fact that healthcare professionals working in Hatay had to provide health services to both Turkish and Syrian patients may have increased their anxiety during the COVID-19 period. However, we did not question this. We recommend this to be questioned in future studies.

5 Conclusions

There was an important level of anxiety and burnout in COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals and in who worked on the usual ward. However COVID-19 frontline healthcare professionals had higher anxiety and burnout. Burnout feeling caused exhaustion and motivation loss while working. It was considered to be very important to provide support for health professionals in order to protect their mental health. So, authorities should plan individual psychological visits for healthcare professionals by psychologists to reduce their anxiety and burnout feelings. It should be reminded that healthcare professionals should also consider their health while working with patients with COVID-19.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest to report.

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Burnout and anxiety level of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Keywords

1 Introduction

2 Methods

2.1 Questioning demographic characteristics and thoughts about COVID-19

2.2 Outcome measures

2.3 Statistical analysis

3 Results

5 Conclusions

Conflict of interest

References