Levels of peri-implant sulcular fluid levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and TNF- α among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with peri-implantitis

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- $\alpha$ ) are inflammatory biomarkers. No studies have yet assessed the suPAR levels in relation with TNF- $\alpha$ in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with peri-implantitis.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim was to evaluate PISF levels of suPAR, and TNF- $\alpha$ among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with and without peri-implantitis.

METHODS:

Sixty male patients with peri-implantitis were included. There were 20 cigarette smokers and 20 and non-smokers with peri-implantitis (Groups 1 and 2), and 20 non-smokers without peri-implantitis (Group 3). Demographic data and information related to cigarette smoking was recorded. Peri-implant clinicoradiographic parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], probing depth [PD] and crestal bone loss [CBL]) were assessed. The PISF samples were collected and levels of suPAR and TNF- $\alpha$ were measured. Sample-size estimation was performed and all parameters were statistically assessed. Level of significance was set at $P<$ 0.05.

RESULTS:

Sixty individuals were included in Groups 1, 2 and 3 (20 in each). Peri-implant PI ( $P<$ 0.01), PD ( $P<$ 0.01) and mesial ( $P<$ 0.01) and distal ( $P<$ 0.01) CBL were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Groups 2 and 3. The PISF volume ( $P<$ 0.01) and suPAR ( $P<$ 0.01) and TNF- $\alpha$ levels ( $P<$ 0.01) were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 than in Group 3. There was no difference in PISF volume and suPAR and TNF- $\alpha$ levels between patients in Groups 1 and 2. In Group 2, there was a statistically significant correlation between peri-implant PD and PISF suPAR and TNF- $\alpha$ levels ( $P<$ 0.01). The suPAR and TNF- $\alpha$ levels are expressed in high concentrations in the PISF of smokers and non-smokers with peri-implantitis compared with non-smokers without peri-implantitis.

CONCLUSION:

In non-smokers, PISF suPAR and TNF- $\alpha$ levels are correlated with peri-implant PD.

Keywords

Cigarette smoking peri-implantitis peri-implant sulcular fluid soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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