Abstract
We investigated miR21 expression in omental (OAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from 16 obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into two age- and BMI-matched groups according to the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). miR21 was not differently expressed in OAT and SAT. However, miR21 expression was two folds greater in adipose tissue in patients with T2D. Accordingly, in primary cultures of adipocytes from non diabetic overweight subjects, miR21 expression increased after 24-h exposure to high glucose and insulin. In conclusion, miR21 appears linked to insulin-resistance deterioration within its pathophysiologic progression from obesity to T2D.
Keywords
Introduction
Obesity and type 2 diabetes with their increasing incidence have a negative impact on patients’ life expectancy and quality, but also represent a significant burden on the health. Therefore, the enormous search for new therapeutic targets to obtain their control in addition to low-calorie meal plans [1, 2] and physical activity programs [3, 4] is not surprising.
In the past decade the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs (19–22 nucleotides) which post-transcriptionally regulate thousands of genes allowing for fine-tuning of protein expression [5], has generated enormous research interest [6]. miRNAs can silence target genes by inhibiting messenger RNA (mRNA) translation, degrading the mRNA molecules [7], and more rarely affecting translation and gene expression in a positive manner [7, 8]. Although the true magnitude of posttranscriptional regulation by miRNAs in humans is still unknown, a widespread regulation of protein levels by miRNAs in cellular and animal models is emerging [9, 10].
Evidence of miRNA dysregulation has been reported in both type 2 diabetes (T2D) [11–13] and obesity [14]. Namely, miR-22 can regulate lipid/glucose homeostasis in the liver [15], mir-375 [16] and miR-9 [17] can influence insulin secretion, mir-34a can increase hormone secretion in insulin-secreting cells when exposed to palmitate [18] and the expression of several miRNAs has been reported to be dysregulated in adipocytes from obese individuals [19]. Since several miRNAs were found to regulate adipogenesis and adipogenic commitment of multipotent stem cells [19–21], it has been postulated that they may also account for adipocyte number and size as well as for their impaired differentiation in obesity [22].
Among 106 miRNAs detected in paired samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and omental adipose tissue (OAT) from obese with either normal glucose tolerance or T2D, 16 miRNAs had an expression pattern dependent on the fat depot [23], suggesting that miRNAs may contribute to specific depot features by regulating different genetargets.
miR-21, an important microRNA frequently up-regulated in many types of chronic diseases [24], has been reported to be over-expressed in human obesity [25] and to enhance adipogenic differentiation through the modulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling [26, 27].
Since distinct adipose tissue depots [28, 29] act differentially as regional contributors to insulin resistance [30, 31] and to obesity complications [32, 33], we aimed to analyze the expression of miR21 in human obese OAT and SAT and its correlation with the diverse inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signature of these depots. In addition, we searched for associations between miR21 expression in these adipose depots and metabolic complications of obesity.
Materials and methods
Paired samples of abdominal SAT and OAT tissue were obtained from sixteen Caucasian subjects (M/F: 8/8) undergoing bariatric surgery. Real-time quantification of miRNAs was performed by using mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion Inc, Austin, TX, USA), TaqMan miRNA reverse transcription kit and miRNA assay with the ABI PRISM 7000 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The U43 small nucleolar RNA (RNU43) was used as the housekeeping small RNA reference gene. For mRNA analysis, single-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from 1μg of total RNA isolated through TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and a high-capacity cDNA archive kit. Fifty nanograms of cDNA were amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and normalized to 18 S ribosomal RNA as endogenous control. Each reaction was performed in triplicate, and analysis was performed by the 2–ΔΔCt method. Transcripts encoding for TGF-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also analyzed.
Descriptive statistics were given by means±SD. Comparisons (OAT versus SAT and NGT versus T2D) were determined by Mann-Whitney test for unpaired data, correlations between variables by non parametric Spearman correlation test and a p-value <0.05 based on two-sided test was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19.0 software (SPSS, Chicago).
The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, the investigation was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all patients gave a written informed consent.
For in vitro experiments, human white subcutaneous preadipocytes (EuroClone) from overweight subjects were seeded into 12-well plates and grown in pre-adipocyte medium (EuroClone). After reaching confluence, the cells were exposed to differentiation medium (EuroClone) containing rosiglitazone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone and insulin for 3 days. Cells were then fed adipocyte medium (EuroClone) replaced at 2-3-day intervals. Ten days after differentiation induction, adipocyte were lysed and endpoints examined. In different flasks, medium glucose and insulin concentrations were raised (to 20 mmol/L and 104 lU/mL, respectively) the last 2, 6, or 24 hours of incubation [34] as a method to mimic in vitro insulin resistance in adipocytes [35, 36].
Results
With regard to the clinical features of the subjects studied, mean age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were 41.7±2.6 years, 46.9 kg/m2 and 149.7±5 cm, respectively. Biochemical analysis revealed that 7 subjects had dyslipidemia. In addition to 4 patients with known T2D, we newly diagnosed 5 patients with T2D by performing an oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, 3 subjects were hypertensive.
As result of molecular analysis, miR21 was not differently expressed in OAT (1.32±0.5) and SAT (1.29±0.9) and did not correlated with the expression of the inflammatory (TNF-α: OAT: 1.45±0.46; SAT: 1.01±0.32), macrophage infiltration (MCP-1: OAT: 1.73±0.92; SAT: 1.12±0.6) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-1β: OAT: 1.2±0.5; SAT: 0.96±0.51) markers analyzed.
However, we found that miR21 expression was two times greater in SAT (T2D: 1.6±0.8; NGT: 0.8±0.8, p < 0.05) of subjects with T2D whose clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The same trend, although not statistically significant, was observed in OAT (T2D: 1.7±2.2; NGT: 0.78±0.6, p = ns).
Clinical characteristics of the study population in relation to the presence of type 2 diabetes
Clinical characteristics of the study population in relation to the presence of type 2 diabetes
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DDPIV, dipeptidyl peptidase IV; γGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL, high density lipoprotein; Met, metformin; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; T2D, type 2 diabetes. Data are presented as mean±SD.
Since high levels of insulin and glucose are regularly detected in insulin-responsive tissues from T2D individuals, we tested whether miR21 was up-regulated specifically by these conditions. In accordance with the in vivo findings, mature adipocytes (at 10 days of differentiation) treated for 24 hours with high levels of insulin and glucose displayed an up-regulation of miR21 expression (Fig. 1). Incidentally, miR21 expression peaked at 3 days of differentiation (miR21: in preadipocytes: 1.035±0.37; at 3 days of differentiation: 7.86±2.1; at 6 days of differentiation: 2.38±1.5; at 10 days of differentiation: 0.38±0.16) as previouslyreported [26].
miR21 expression levels in primary human adipocytes after 24-h exposure to high glucose and high insulin concentrations. miR21 expression up-regulation in mature adipocytes (at ten days after differentiation induction) after 24-hour exposure to high glucose (20 mmol/L) and high insulin (104 lU/mL) concentrations.
Hence, our data suggest that miR21, known to be up-regulated in human obesity, is neither differently expressed in OAT and SAT nor correlated with their distinct inflammatory and pro-fibrotic profile.However, adipose tissue expression of miR21 resulted further increased in obese affected by T2D. Indeed, the diabetic condition in vivo, as well as the persistent exposure to high insulin and glucose in vitro, seem to contribute to the up-regulation of miR21 in adipocytes. miR-21 was already reported to be up-regulated in kidneys of diabetic mice and in mesangial cell lines grown in high glucose conditions [37], in diabetic skin [38], to promote renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy [39–42] and to serve as a fingerprint for diabetic retinopathy [43]. At molecular level, in diabetic condition miR-21 was reported to down-regulate PTEN expression increasing the downstream Akt/TORC1 activity, and to inhibit the expression of PDCD4 and SMAD7 increasing NF-κB signaling pathways [39, 45].
Based on these findings, we might, therefore, speculate that miR21 expression is linked to the deterioration of insulin-resistance within its pathophysiologic progression from obesity to T2D [46]. Further detailed investigations are needed to assess whether miR21 plays a novel role in T2Dpathogenesis.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Footnotes
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministero della Salute (Project n. 45/RF-2013-02357791).