The need for healthy and pollution-free water is vital given the world’s industrialization and population explosion. The removal of chemical pollutants, especially phenol and phenolic compounds, from urban and industrial wastewaters is of particular importance due to their high water solubility and toxicity. Previous physicochemical techniques for phenol removal are no longer cost-effective. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using various oxidizing agents have been recently recognized as an effective method for removing organic compounds through mineralization. The present work evaluated the phenol (100 ppm) removal from aqueous solutions through photooxidation systems of UV exposure, UV/TiO2, O3, O3/TiO2, H2O2, H2O2/UV, H2O2/TiO2, H2O2/TiO2/O3 and H2O2/TiO2/O3/UV. The results showed a decrease in the phenol concentration by almost half using UV, UV/TiO2, O3, O3/TiO2, H2O2, H2O2/UV and H2O2/TiO2 within 50 min. The phenol concentration reached 50 and 71 ppm using H2O2/TiO2/O3 system within 50 and 70 min, respectively. The UV/H2O2/O3/TiO2 system reduced the phenol concentration to zero after 40 min. The findings revealed that the AOP enabled by the UV/H2O2/O3/TiO2 combined system caused the complete removal of phenol, highlighting the capacity of the proposed system to remove toxic aromatic compounds such as phenol released during the wastewater treatment process.
SwaminathanM., MuruganandhamM. and SillanpaaM.Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, International Journal of Photoenergy2014 (2013) Article ID 682767. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/683682
2.
NickheslatA., AminM.M., IzanlooH., FatehizadehA. and MousaviS.M.Phenol Photocatalytic Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Process under Ultraviolet Radiation Using Titanium Dioxide, Journal of Environmental and Health2013 (2013), Article ID 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/815310
3.
AhariaS.M., YangejehbR.J., MahvicA.H., ShahamatdY.D. and TakdastaneA.A new method for the removal of ammonium from drinking water using hybrid method of modified zeolites/catalytic ozonation, Desalin Water Treat170 (2019), 148–57. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2019.24619
4.
FarsaniM.H., YengejehR.J., MirzahosseiniA.H., MonavariM., HassaniA.H. and MengelizadehN.Effective leachate treatment by a pilot-scale submerged electro-membrane bioreactor, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16196-0
5.
OroojiN., TakdastanA., YengejehR. Jalilzadeh, JorfiS. and DavamiA.H., A quick and inexpensive method to determine 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in water samples by HPLC, Desalin Water Treat217 (2021), 329–338. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2021.26905
6.
OroojiN., TakdastanA. and JalilzadehR.Yengejeh, S. Jorfi and A.H. Davami, Monitoring of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentration in Karun River and effluents of water treatment plants, Toxin Reviews41(3) (2022), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.1929322
7.
RekhateC. and SrivastavaJ.K.Recent advances in ozone-based advanced oxidation processes for treatment of wastewater- A review, Chemical Engineering Journal Advances3(15) (2020), 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100031
8.
MasoumiA. and YengejehR.J.Study of chemical wastes in the Iranian petroleum industry and feasibility of hazardous waste disposal, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering18(2) (2020), 1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00525-5
9.
DehghaniM.H., KaramitabarY., ChanganiF. and HeidarinejadZ.High performance degradation of phenol from aqueous media using ozonation process and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a semiconductor photo catalyst in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, Desalination and Water Treatment166 (2019), 105–114. https://doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.24607
10.
SuzukiH., ArakiS. and YamamotoH.Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) using O3, UV, and TiO2 for the degradation of phenol in water, Journal of Water Process Engineering7 (2015), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.04.011
11.
AviliF. Ghomi, Removal of Heavy Metals (Lead and Nickel) from Water Sources by Adsorption of Activated Alumina, Anthropogenic Pollution5(2) (2021), 1–7. doi: 10.22034/ap.2021.1924099.1095
12.
AlouchehR. Mohammadi, BarisO., AsadiA., ZadehS. Gholam and SadeghiM. Kharat, Characterization of Aquatic Beetles Shells (Hydraenidae family) derived chitosan and its application in order to eliminate the environmental pollutant bacterial, Anthropogenic Pollution3(2) (2019), 43–48. doi: 10.22034/ap.2019.668483
13.
ParsaN. and RezaeiH.Study of kinetics, and thermodynamics of nikel adsorption from aqueous solutions using modified nano-graphene oxide by melamine, Anthropogenic Pollution5(2) (2021), 39–46. doi: 10.22034/ap.2021.1929112.1104
14.
MakvandM. Eskandari, SabzalipourS., CheraghiM. and OrakN., Removal of Malathion on Carbon using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Aquatic Environments, Anthropogenic Pollution5(2) (2021), 8–17. doi: 10.22034/ap.2021.1931622.110
15.
LaoufiN.A., TassalitD. and BentaharF.The Degradation of Phenol in Water Solution by Tio2 Photocatalysis in a Helical Reactor, Global NEST Journal10(3) (2008), 404–418.
16.
GashtasbiF., YengejehR.J. and BabaeiA.A.Photocatalysis assisted by activated-carbon-impregnated magnetite composite for removal of cephalexin from aqueous solution, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering35 (2018), 1726–1734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-018-0061-5
17.
ShokriR., YengejehR. Jalilzadeh, BabaeiA.A., DerikvandE. and AlmasiA., Advanced oxidation process efficiently removes ampicillin from aqueous solutions, Iranian Journal of Toxicology14(2) (2020), 123–130. doi: 10.32598/ijt.14.2.483.3
18.
KordestaniB., TakdastanA., YengejehR. Jalilzadeh and NeisiA.K., Photo-Fenton oxidative of pharmaceutical wastewater containing meropenem and ceftriaxone antibiotics: influential factors, feasibility, and biodegradability studies, Toxin Reviews39(3) (2020), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2018.1520261
19.
MehrdoostA., YengejehR. Jalilzadeh, MohammadiM.K., BabaeiA.A. and HaghighatzadehA., Comparative analysis of UV-assisted removal of azithromycin and cefixime from aqueous solution using PAC/Fe/Si/Zn nanocomposite, Journal ofHealth Sciences & Surveillance System9(1) (2021), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.30476/jhsss.2020.88564.1149
20.
AgustinaT.E., AngH.M. and VareekV.K.A review of synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation on wastewater treatment, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews6(4) (2005), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.12.003
21.
SutyH., De TraversayC. and CostM., Applications of advanced oxidation processes: present and future, Water Sci Technol49(4) (2004), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0270
22.
UpadhyeV.B. and JoshiS.S.Advances in Wastewater Treatment-A Review, International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications3(2) (2012), 264–268.
23.
FernandesA., GagolM., MakosP. and AliJ.Khan and G. Boczkaj, Integrated photocatalytic advanced oxidation system (TiO2/UV/O3/H2O2) for degradation of volatile organic compounds, Separation and Purification Technology224 (2019), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.012
24.
FekriR., MirbagheriS., FataeiE., Ebrahimzadeh-RajaeiG. and TaghaviL.Organic compound removal from textile wastewater by photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles, Anthropogenic Pollution5(2) (2021), 93–103. doi: 10.22034/ap.2021.1936068.1114
25.
PreisS., KamenevS., KallasJ. and MunterR.Advanced Oxidation Processes against Phenolic Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Ozone: Science & Engineering (2008), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919519508547346
26.
StasinakisA.S.Use of selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment: A mini review, Global NEST Journal10 (2008), 376–385.
27.
MehrdoostA., YengejehR.J., MohammadiM.K., HaghighatzadehA. and BabaeiA.Adsorption, removal and photocatalytic degradation of azithromycin from aqueous solution using PAC/Fe/Ag/Zn nanocomposite, Environmental Science and Pollution Research29(22) (2022), 33514–33517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18158-y
28.
AlbertinaX.R. Corrêa, TiepoErasmo N., SomensiCleder A., SperbRafael M. and RadetskiClaudemir M., Use of Ozone-Photocatalytic Oxidation (O3/UV/TiO2) and Biological Remediation for Treatment of Produced Water from Petroleum Refineries, Journal of Environmental Engineering136(1) (2010). https://doi.org/10.1061
29.
GimenoO., CarbajoM., BeltranF.J. and RivasF.J.Phenol and substituted phenols AOPs remediation, Journal of Hazardous Materials119(1–3) (2005), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.024
30.
AzizahA.N. and WidiasaN.Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Refinery Wastewater Treatment Contains High Phenol Concentration, {MATEC Web of Conferences156 (2018), 03012. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/
