As the growth of the Internet continues to impact the way that individuals and businesses interact, companies are forced to bring new online markets to the forefront of their strategic business decisions. In recent years online innovations in Internet content offerings have produced a myriad of highly interactive fantasy sports sites designed to entice users to wage funds on sports team. Although factors such as accessibility and anonymity encourage people to wager online, many hesitate to wager for reasons that must be examined if online fantasy sports (OFS) sites are to innovate and thrive.
OBJECTIVE:
Although research findings suggest that users have questioned the legitimacy and fairness of online fantasy sports sites, issues of trust do not yet appear to be negatively influencing the industry’s growth. Users continue to spend large sums of money without high confidence in OFS sites. To understand why this might be the case, we conducted a preliminary study to examine the nature and role of psychological contract violation (PCV) in OFS sites.Our research examines how OFS users’ past experiences and the perceived reputation of OFS sites influence psychological contract violation (PCV), as well as perceived institutional effectiveness as it pertains to OFS sites’ features and products. We also investigate the effect of institutional effectiveness on users’ concerns and their behavioral intentions.
METHODS:
We implemented previously validated scales to survey OFS users and test our hypothesized model. The original sample size included 198 individuals. After removing the incomplete and non-fantasy sports site user responses, the final sample dropped to 142. PLS-SEM was used to analyze measurement and structural models.
RESULTS:
Initial results suggest that OFS users have concerns about transactional information even though they tend to be less risk adverse than non-OFS users. Our study also found that psychological contract violation minimizes users’ protection perceptions concerning overall OFS structures’ effectiveness.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study creates new knowledge about minimizing risks in online fantasy sports sites, thereby assisting businesses that want to increase user participation and transactions.
PhilanderKS, AbarbanelBL. Determinants of internet poker adoption. Journal of gambling studies.. 2014;30(3):609–23.
2.
StewartDO, GrayL. An analysis of Internet gambling and its policy implications: American Gaming Association; 2006.
3.
GefenD, KarahannaE, StraubDW. Trust and TAM in online shopping: an integrated model. MIS quarterly. 2003;27(1):51–90.
4.
KomiakSX, BenbasatI. Understanding customer trust in agent-mediated electronic commerce, web-mediated electronic commerce, and traditional commerce. Information technology and management. 2004;5(1-2):181–207.
5.
McKnightDH, ChoudhuryV, KacmarC. Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research. 2002;13(3):334–59.
6.
KimDJ, SteinfieldC, LaiY-J. Revisiting the role of web assurance seals in business-to-consumer electronic commerce. Decision Support Systems. 2008;44(4):1000–15.
7.
PavlouPA. Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International journal of electronic commerce. 2003;7:101–34.
8.
LandesRS. Layovers and cargo ships: The prohibition of internet gambling and a proposed system of regulation. NYUL Rev. 2007;82:913.
9.
PavlouPA, GefenD. Psychological contract violation in online marketplaces: Antecedents, consequences, and moderating role. Information systems research. 2005;16(4):372–99.
10.
HongIB. Understanding the consumer’s online merchant selection process: The roles of product involvement, perceived risk, and trust expectation. International Journal of Information Management. 2015;35(3):322–36.
11.
SunH, ZhangP. Causal relationships between perceived enjoyment and perceived ease of use: An alternative approach. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2006;7(1):24.
12.
MäNtymäKiM, SaloJ. Teenagers in social virtual worlds: Continuous use and purchasing behavior in Habbo Hotel. Computers in Human Behavior. 2011;27(6):2088–97.
ScheinEH. Organizational culture: American Psychological Association; 1990.
15.
ChiuC-M, HuangH-Y, YenC-H. Antecedents of trust in online auctions. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2010;9(2):148–59.
16.
GolesT, RaoSV, LeeS, WarrenJ. Trust violation in electronic commerce: customer concerns and reactions. Journal of computer information systems. 2009;49(4):1–9.
17.
RousseauDM, GrellerMM. Human resource practices: Administrative contract makers. Human Resource Management. 1994;33(3):385–401.
18.
PughSD, SkarlickiDP, PassellBS. After the fall: Layoff victims’ trust and cynicism in re-employment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2003;76(2):201–12.
19.
NiehoffBP, PaulRJ. The Just Workplace: Developing and Maintaining Effective Psychological Contracts. Review of Business. 2001;22.
20.
MorrisonEW, RobinsonSL. When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of management Review.. 1997;22(1):226–56.
21.
ZuckerLG. Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840-1920. Research in organizational behavior. 1986;8:53–111.
22.
PavlouPA, GefenD. Building effective online marketplaces with institution-based trust. Information systems research. 2004;15(1):37–59.
23.
ReichheldFF, SchefterP. E-loyalty: your secret weapon on the web. Harvard business review. 2000;78(4):105–13.
24.
ResnickP, KuwabaraK, ZeckhauserR, FriedmanE. Reputation systems. Communications of the ACM. 2000;43:45–8.
25.
DellarocasC. The digitization of word of mouth: Promise and challenges of online feedback mechanisms. Management science. 2003;49(10):1407–24.
DavisNW, DuncanMC. Sports knowledge is power: Reinforcing masculine privilege through fantasy sport league participation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 2006;30(3):244–64.
Lopez-GonzalezH, EstévezA, GriffithsMD. Internet-based structural characteristics of sports betting and problem gambling severity: Is there a relationship? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2018:1-14.
30.
FarquharLK, MeedsR. Types of fantasy sports users and their motivations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007;12(4):1208–28.
31.
ChildJT, HaridakisPM, PetronioS. Blogging privacy rule orientations, privacy management, and content deletion practices: The variability of online privacy management activity at different stages of social media use. Computers in Human Behavior. 2012;28(5):1859–72.
32.
LaBrieRA, LaPlanteDA, NelsonSE, SchumannA, ShafferHJ. Assessing the playing field: A prospective longitudinal study of internet sports gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling studies. 2007;23(3):347–62.
33.
JolleyB, MizerskiR, OlaruD. How habit and satisfaction affects player retention for online gambling. Journal of Business Research. 2006;59(6):770–7.
34.
BhattacherjeeA, PremkumarG. Understanding changes in belief and attitude toward information technology usage: A theoretical model and longitudinal test. MIS quarterly. 2004:229-54.
35.
HolsappleCW, WuJ. Building effective online game websites with knowledge-based trust. Information Systems Frontiers. 2008;10(1):47–60.
36.
BanerjeeD, BiswasD. Human contribution to service quality in West Bengal’s luxury hotels. Human Systems Management. 2018;37(1):7–13.
37.
RogersR, WoolleyJ, SherrickB, BowmanND, OliverMB. Fun versus meaningful video game experiences: A qualitative analysis of user responses. The Computer Games Journal. 2017;6(1-2):63–79.
38.
HurY, KoYJ, ClaussenCL. Acceptance of sports websites: a conceptual model. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 2011;12(3):13–27.
39.
AhujaMK, ThatcherJB. Moving beyond intentions and toward the theory of trying: effects of work environment and gender on post-adoption information technology use. MIS quarterly. 2005;29(3):427–59.
40.
MalhotraN, SahadevS, PuraniK. Psychological contract violation and customer intention to reuse online retailers: Exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms. Journal of Business Research. 2017;75:17–28.
41.
TiroleJ. A theory of collective reputations (with applications to the persistence of corruption and to firm quality). The Review of Economic Studies. 1996;63(1):1–22.
42.
BansalG, ZahediF, GefenD. The role of privacy assurance mechanisms in building trust and the moderating role of privacy concern. European Journal of Information Systems [Internet]. 2015:[1-21 pp.]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.41.
43.
BansalG, ZahediFM, GefenD, editors. Efficacy of Privacy Assurance Mechanisms in the Context of Disclosing Health Information Online. AMCIS 2008 Proceedings; 2008.
44.
BoltonGE, KatokE, OckenfelsA. How effective are electronic reputation mechanisms? An experimental investigation. Management science. 2004;50(11):1587–602.
45.
MelnikMI, AlmJ. Does a seller’s ecommerce reputation matter? Evidence from eBay auctions. The journal of industrial economics. 2002;50(3):337–49.
46.
YeQ, XuM, KiangM, WuW, SunF. In-depth analysis of the seller reputation and price premium relationship: a comparison between eBay US and Taobao China. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research. 2013;14(1):1.
47.
LiY. The impact of disposition to privacy, website reputation and website familiarity on information privacy concerns. Decision Support Systems. 2014;57:343–54.
48.
KarimiA, TeimouriH, ShahinA, BarzokiAS. Competency-based recruitment and managerial succession. Human Systems Management. 2018;37(4):411–23.
49.
LimET, PanSL, TanCW. Managing user acceptance towards enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems–understanding the dissonance between user expectations and managerial policies. European Journal of Information Systems. 2005;14(2):135–49.
50.
ZameerH, WangY, YasmeenH, MofradAA, WaheedA. Corporate image and customer satisfaction by virtue of employee engagement. Human Systems Management. 2018;37(2):233–48.
51.
GrazioliS, JarvenpaaSL. Consumer and business deception on the Internet: Content analysis of documentary evidence. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 2003;7(4):93–118.
52.
FangY, QureshiI, SunH, McColeP, RamseyE, LimKH. Trust, satisfaction, and online repurchase intention: The moderating role of perceived effectiveness of e-commerce institutional mechanisms. Mis Quarterly. 2014;38(2).
53.
AlzahraniL, Al-KaraghouliW, WeerakkodyV. Investigating the impact of citizens’ trust toward the successful adoption of e-government: A multigroup analysis of gender, age, and internet experience. Information Systems Management. 2018;35(2):124–46.
54.
OgbanufeO, KimDJ. “Just how risky is it anyway?” The role of risk perception and trust on click-through intention. Information Systems Management.. 2018;35(3):182–200.
55.
WangH, DuR, OlsenT. Feedback mechanisms and consumer satisfaction, trust and repurchase intention in online retail. Information Systems Management.. 2018;35(3):201–19.
56.
CulnanMJ, ArmstrongPK. Information privacy concerns, procedural fairness, and impersonal trust: An empirical investigation. Organization Science. 1999;10(1):104–15.
57.
ShinJI, ChungKH, OhJS, LeeCW. The effect of site quality on repurchase intention in Internet shopping through mediating variables: The case of university students in South Korea. International Journal of Information Management. 2013;33(3):453–63.
58.
Grabner-KräuterS, KaluschaEA. Engendering consumer trust in e-commerce: Conceptual clarification and empirical findings. Trust in the network economy. 2003:55-69.
59.
UdoGJ, BagchiKK, KirsPJ. An assessment of customers’e-service quality perception, satisfaction and intention. International Journal of Information Management. 2010;30(6):481–92.
60.
RanganathanC, GanapathyS. Key dimensions of business-to-consumer web sites. Information & Management. 2002;39:457–65.
61.
SuhB, HanI. The impact of customer trust and perception of security control on the acceptance of electronic commerce. International Journal of electronic commerce. 2003;7(3):135–61.
62.
MiyazakiAD, FernandezA. Consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks for online shopping. Journal of Consumer Affairs. 2001;35(1):27–44.
63.
NowakGJ, PhelpsJ. Direct marketing and the use of individual-level consumer information: Determining how and when “privacy” matters. Journal of Direct Marketing. 1997;11(4):94–108.
64.
CranorLF, ReagleJ, AckermanMS. Beyond concern: Understanding net users’ attitudes about online privacy. The Internet upheaval: raising questions, seeking answers in communications policy. 2000:47-70.
65.
CarrollB. Price of privacy: Selling consumer databases in bankruptcy. Journal of Interactive Marketing. 2002;16(3):47–58.
66.
AckermanMS, CranorLF, ReagleJ. Privacy in e-commerce: examining user scenarios and privacy preferences: ACM; 1999.
67.
MousavizadehM, KimDJ, ChenR. Effects of assurance mechanisms and consumer concerns on online purchase decisions: An empirical study. Decision Support Systems. 2016;92:79–90.
68.
ChenK, ReaA. Protecting personal information online: A survey of user privacy concerns and control techniques. Journal of Computer Information Systems. 2004;44(4):85–92.
69.
KayeBK, JohnsonTJ. Research methodology: Taming the cyber frontier: Techniques for improving online surveys. Social Science Computer Review.. 1999;17(3):323–37.
70.
HsiehP-J, LinW-S. Explaining resistance to system usage in the PharmaCloud: A view of the dual-factor model. Information & Management. 2018;55(1):51–63.
71.
HullandJ. Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies. Strategic management journal. 1999;20(2):195–204.
72.
Psychometric theory, (1978).
73.
FornellC, LarckerDF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research. 1981;18(1):39–50.
74.
ChiuC-M, FangY-H, ChengH-L, YenC. On online repurchase intentions: Antecedents and the moderating role of switching cost. Human Systems Management. 2013;32(4):283–96.
75.
BansalG, ZahediFM, GefenD. Do context and personality matter? Trust and privacy concerns in disclosing private information online. Information & Management. 2016;53(1):1–21.
76.
HuangQ, OuCX, DavisonRM, editors. The Role of Swift Relationship and Institutional Structures in Uncertainty Reduction. ICIS; 2016.
77.
WolfJR, MuhannaWA. Feedback mechanisms, judgment bias, and trust formation in online auctions. Decision Sciences. 2011;42(1):43–68.
78.
XuH, DinevT, SmithJ, HartP. Information privacy concerns: linking individual perceptions with institutional privacy assurances. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2011;12(12):798–824.
79.
WangL, SunZ, DaiX, ZhangY, HuH-h. Retaining users after privacy invasions. Information Technology & People. 2019.
80.
RouibahK, LowryPB, HwangY. The effects of perceived enjoyment and perceived risks on trust formation and intentions to use online payment systems: New perspectives from an Arab country. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 2016;19:33–43.
81.
ChenJ-JV, HuangAH, MuzzerallA. Privacy concerns and expectation of control. Human Systems Management. 2012;31(2):123–31.
82.
ArpaciI, KilicerK, BardakciS. Effects of security and privacy concerns on educational use of cloud services. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;45:93–8.
83.
McBrideJ, DerevenskyJ. Internet gambling behavior in a sample of online gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2009;7(1):149.
84.
WoodRT, WilliamsRJ. Internet gambling: Past, present and future. Elsevier; 2007.
85.
WoodRT, WilliamsRJ. Problem gambling on the Internet: Implications for Internet gambling policy in North America. New Media & Society. 2007;9(3):520–42.
86.
WoodRT, WilliamsRJ, LawtonPK. Why do Internet gamblers prefer online versus land-based venues? Some preliminary findings and implications. 2007.
87.
DiardC. Psychological acceptance of organizational video surveillance. Human Systems Management. 2018;37(1):105–15.
88.
KraakJM, LunardoR, HerrbachO, DurrieuF. Promises to employees matter, self-identity too: Effects of psychological contract breach and older worker identity on violation and turnover intentions. Journal of Business Research. 2017;70:108–17.
89.
SalinD, NotelaersG. The effects of workplace bullying on witnesses: violation of the psychological contract as an explanatory mechanism? The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2018:1-21.
90.
WangW, WangM. Effects of Sponsorship Disclosure on Perceived Integrity of Biased Recommendation Agents: Psychological Contract Violation and Knowledge-Based Trust Perspectives. Information Systems Research. 2019;30(2):507–22.
91.
Tran HuyP, TakahashiK. Determinants of psychological contract breach: An empirical study of Vietnamese employees. Management Research Review. 2018;41(1):29–45.
92.
LinT-C, HuangS-L, ChiangS-C. User resistance to the implementation of information systems: A psychological contract breach perspective. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2018;19(4):2.
93.
BeliënJ, GoossensD, Van ReethD. Optimization modelling for analyzing fantasy sport games. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research. 2017;55(4):275–94.
94.
EdsonTC, LaPlanteDA. Longitudinal playing trends among daily fantasy sports players. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020;104:106165.
95.
HouJ, KimK, KimSS, MaX. Disrupting Unwanted Habits in Online Gambling Through Information Technology. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2019;36(4):1213–47.
96.
JangW, KwakDH, KoYJ. Vitalizing effect of athletedrafting task in fantasy sports: the role of competitive goal-framing, involvement, and competitiveness trait. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2019:1-18.
97.
ChiuCM, WangET, FangYH, HuangHY. Understanding customers’ repeat purchase intentions in B2C e-commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk. Information Systems Journal. 2014;24(1):85–114.
98.
KoohikamaliM, GerhartN, MousavizadehM. Location Disclosure on LB-SNAs: The Role of Incentives on Sharing Behavior. Decision Support Systems. 2015;71:78–87.
