Our previous reported that Jeddah, Saudi Arabia population have a comparable and protective herd immunity represented by IgG, IgA and IgM against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), by using indirect ELISA test was used to evaluate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP) total antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) in 1,003 sera samples. Current report was evaluated the IgG and IgA subclasses responsible about this protection using same methodology. IgG, IgA, and their subclasses are responsible about this circulating protection. Our study will consider the first report evaluate the levels of IgA subclasses and its relation to ages, as well as the relations between anti-Hib antibody subclass and age. The current results demonstrated that the highest levels concentrated in IgG1 and IgG2, while IgG3 and IgG4 showed the lowest levels. So, their concentrations were arranged in IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 IgG4. The results indicated that the age and gender have no effect on both IgG or IgA subclasses in healthy immunized individuals enrolled. While, IgA1 concentrations were significantly higher than IgA2 in all age categories regardless of gender. It seem that the IgG1, IgG2 and IgA1 subclasses were the main constituent of Jeddah herd immunity against Hib. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, there were no previous reports that focusing on the levels of IgA subclasses and its relation to ages, so our study considers the first worldwide.
PfeifferR., Die aetiologie der influenza, Z Gesamte Hyg13 (1893), 357–86.
2.
PittmanM., Variation and type specificity in the bacterial species hemophilus influenzae, J Exp Med53(4) (1931), 471–92.
3.
PeltolaH., Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st century: Global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates, Clin Microbiol Rev13(2) (2000), 302–17.
4.
BijlmerH.A. and van AlphenL., A prospective, population-based study of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in the Gambia and the possible consequences, J Infect Dis165(Suppl 1) (1992), S29–32.
5.
ZareiA.E.AlmehdarH.A. and RedwanE.M., Hib vaccines: Past, present, and future perspectives, Journal of Immunology Research2016 (2016), 7203587.
6.
Al-MazrouY.Y.Al-JeffriM.H.Al-HaggarS.H.MusaE.K.MohamedO.M. and AbdallaM.N., Haemophilus type B meningitis in Saudi children under 5 years old, J Trop Pediatr50(3) (2004), 131–6.
7.
Al-ZamilF.A., Conjugated pneumococcal vaccine for children in saudi arabia: Following the footsteps of hib vaccine, J Egypt Public Health Assoc83(1–2) (2008), 35–47.
8.
KayhtyH.PeltolaH.KarankoV. and MakelaP.H., The protective level of serum antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, J Infect Dis147(6) (1983), 1100.
9.
RedwanE.M., Cumulative updating of approved biopharmaceuticals, Hum Antibodies16(3–4) (2007), 137–58.
10.
RedwanE.M., Animal-derived pharmaceutical proteins, Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry30(3) (2009), 262–90.
11.
ZareiA.E. and RedwanR.M., Antibodies prevalence against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Jeddah population, Saudi Arabia. I. Total antibodies, Human Antibodies (2018 Jun 15), doi: 10.3233/HAB-180342 [Epub ahead of print].
12.
ZandvoortA. and TimensW., The dual function of the splenic marginal zone: Essential for initiation of anti-TI-2 responses but also vital in the general first-line defense against blood-borne antigens, Clin Exp Immunol130(1) (2002), 4–11.
13.
NieminenT.KayhtyH.VirolainenA. and EskolaJ., Circulating antibody secreting cell response to parenteral pneumococcal vaccines as an indicator of a salivary IgA antibody response, Vaccine16(2–3) (1998), 313–9.
14.
ZhangQ.ChooS.EverardJ.JenningsR. and FinnA., Mucosal immune responses to meningococcal group C conjugate and group A and C polysaccharide vaccines in adolescents, Infect Immun68(5) (2000), 2692–7.
15.
VosQ.LeesA.WuZ.Q.SnapperC.M. and MondJ.J., B-cell activation by T-cell-independent type 2 antigens as an integral part of the humoral immune response to pathogenic microorganisms, Immunol Rev176 (2000), 154–70.
16.
MusherD.M.GrooverJ.E.WatsonD.A.PandeyJ.P.Rodriguez-BarradasM.C.BaughnR.E. et al., Genetic regulation of the capacity to make immunoglobulin G to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, J Investig Med45(2) (1997), 57–68.
17.
GranoffD.M.GuptaR.K.BelsheR.B. and AndersonE.L., Induction of immunologic refractoriness in adults by meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccination, J Infect Dis178(3) (1998), 870–4.
18.
Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization (GPV). The WHO position paper on Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines, Wkly Epidemiol Rec73(10) (1998), 64–8.
19.
WilsonC.B.LewisD.B. and PenixL.A., The physiologic immunodeficiency of immaturity, in: Immunologic Disorders in Infants and Children, 4th edSteimE.R., ed., WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1996, pp. 253–95.
20.
LaferriereC., The immunogenicity of pneumococcal polysaccharides in infants and children: A meta-regression, Vaccine29(40) (2011), 6838–47.
21.
PomatW.S.LehmannD.SandersR.C.LewisD.J.WilsonJ.RogersS. et al., Immunoglobulin G antibody responses to polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine in children in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, Infect Immun62(5) (1994), 1848–53.
22.
WhiteO.J.RoweJ.RichmondP.MarshallH.McIntyreP.WoodN. et al., Th2-polarisation of cellular immune memory to neonatal pertussis vaccination, Vaccine28(14) (2010), 2648–52.
23.
SiegristC.A., Neonatal and early life vaccinology, Vaccine19(25–26) (2001), 3331–46.
24.
RobbinsJ.B. and SchneersonR., Polysaccharide-protein conjugates: A new generation of vaccines, J Infect Dis161(5) (1990), 821–32.
25.
AvciF.Y., Novel strategies for development of next-generation glycoconjugate vaccines, Curr Top Med Chem13(20) (2013), 2535–40.
26.
DintzisR.Z., Rational design of conjugate vaccines, Pediatr Res32(4) (1992), 376–85.
27.
EinhornM.S.GranoffD.M.NahmM.H.QuinnA. and ShackelfordP.G., Concentrations of antibodies in paired maternal and infant sera: Relationship to IgG subclass, J Pediatr111(5) (1987), 783–8.
28.
AvciF.Y.LiX.TsujiM. and KasperD.L., A mechanism for glycoconjugate vaccine activation of the adaptive immune system and its implications for vaccine design, Nat Med17(12) (2011), 1602–9.
29.
Ishigami MiyakeT.T.NagaoA.T.ArslanianC.HarimaH.A.Costa-CarvalhoB.T.Carneiro-SampaioM.M. et al., Evaluation of serum levels of IgG subclasses and anti-ribosyl-ribitolphosphate IgG and IgG2 in children with Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis, J Trop Pediatr45(3) (1999), 130–4.
30.
ShackelfordP.G.GranoffD.M.NelsonS.J.ScottM.G.SmithD.S. and NahmM.H., Subclass distribution of human antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide, J Immunol138(2) (1987), 587–92.
31.
RamadasK.PetersenG.M.HeinerD.C. and WardJ.I., Class and subclass antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule: Comparison of invasive disease and natural exposure, Infect Immun53(3) (1986), 486–90.
32.
NatvigJ.B. and KunkelH.G., Human immunoglobulins: Classes, subclasses, genetic variants, and idiotypes, Adv Immunol16 (1973), 1–59.
33.
AmbrosinoD.M.SoodS.K.LeeM.C.ChenD.CollardH.R.BolonD.L. et al., IgG1, IgG2 and IgM responses to two Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in young infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J11(10) (1992), 855–9.
34.
HerrmannD.J.HamiltonR.G.BaringtonT.FraschC.E.ArakereG.MakelaO. et al., Quantitation of human IgG subclass antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. Results of an international collaborative study using enzyme immunoassay methodology, J Immunol Methods148(1–2) (1992), 101–14.
35.
WeinbergG.A.GranoffD.M.NahmM.H. and ShackelfordP.G., Functional activity of different IgG subclass antibodies against type b capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae, J Immunol136(11) (1986), 4232–6.
36.
BrediusR.G.de VriesC.E.TroelstraA.van AlphenL.WeeningR.S.van de WinkelJ.G. et al., Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae type B opsonized with polyclonal human IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. Functional hFc gamma RIIa polymorphism to IgG2, J Immunol151(3) (1993), 1463–72.
37.
DelacroixD.L.DiveC.RambaudJ.C. and VaermanJ.P., IgA subclasses in various secretions and in serum, Immunology47(2) (1982), 383–5.
38.
Kauppi-KorkeilaM.SaarinenL.EskolaJ. and KayhtyH., Subclass distribution of IgA antibodies in saliva and serum after immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines, Clin Exp Immunol111(2) (1998), 237–42.
39.
EnglundJ.A.GlezenW.P.TurnerC.HarveyJ.ThompsonC. and SiberG.R., Transplacental antibody transfer following maternal immunization with polysaccharide and conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines, J Infect Dis171(1) (1995), 99–105.
40.
RedwanE.-R.M.LarsenN.A.ZhouB.WirschingP.JandaK.D. and WilsonI.A., Expression and characterization of a humanized cocaine-binding antibody, Biotechnology and Bioengineering82(5) (2003), 612–8.
41.
ZielenS.BrokerM.StrnadN.SchwenenL.SchonP.GottwaldG. et al., Simple determination of polysaccharide specific antibodies by means of chemically modified ELISA plates, J Immunol Methods193(1) (1996), 1–7.
42.
El-AwadyM.K.TabllA.A.RedwanE.-R.M.YoussefS.OmranM.H.ThakebF. et al., Flow cytometric detection of hepatitis C virus antigens in infected peripheral blood leukocytes: Binding and entry, World Journal of Gastroenterology11(33) (2005), 5203–8.
43.
RedwanE.L., Biochemical and immunological properties of four intravenous Immunoglobulin G preparations, Hum Antibodies11(3) (2002), 79–84.
44.
RedwanE.-R.M. and Al-AwadyM.K., Prevalence of tetanus immunity in the Egyptian population, Hum Antibodies11(1–2) (2002), 55–9.
45.
RedwanE.-R.M.FahmyA.El HanafyA.Abd El-BakyN. and SallamS.M., Ovine anti-rabies antibody production and evaluation, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases32(1) (2009), 9–19.
46.
RedwanE.-R.M.KhalilA. and El-DardiriZ.Z., Production and purification of ovine anti-tetanus antibody, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases28(3) (2005), 167–76.
47.
RedwanE.-R.M.MatarS.M.El-AzizG.A. and SerourE.A., Synthesis of the human insulin gene: Protein expression, scaling up and bioactivity, Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology38(1) (2008), 24–39.
48.
RedwanE.M. and ElsawyA., Surveillance of natural acquired antibodies to haemophilus influenzae type b among children in Cairo-Egyptian, Hum Antibodies14(1–2) (2005), 23–6.
49.
RedwanE.M. and El-AwadyM.K., Status of diphtheria immunity in the Egyptian population, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology99(1) (2005), 93–9.
50.
FernandezS.CisneyE.D. and UlrichR.G., Enhancement of serum and mucosal immune responses to a Haemophilus influenzae Type B vaccine by intranasal delivery, Clin Vaccine Immunol20(11) (2013), 1690–6.
51.
HamidiA.BoogC.JadhavS. and KreeftenbergH., Lessons learned during the development and transfer of technology related to a new Hib conjugate vaccine to emerging vaccine manufacturers, Vaccine32(33) (2014), 4124–30.
52.
NizardM.DinizM.O.RousselH.TranT.FerreiraL.C.BadoualC. et al., Mucosal vaccines: Novel strategies and applications for the control of pathogens and tumors at mucosal sites, Hum Vaccin Immunother10(8) (2014), 2175–87.
