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Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant skeleton tumor that derives from mesenchymal cells. Emerging evidences have identified the vital role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of osteosarcoma. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA gastric carcinoma highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) in osteosarcoma progression.

METHODS:

The expression levels of relevant genes in clinical samples and cell lines were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK8 and cell colony formation assays. Transwell assay was used to detect the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Protein levels were detected by western blot. In vivo tumor growth was investigated in the xenograft nude mice model. To determine whether growth inhibition and apoptosis are responsible for antitumor activity of silencing GHET1, immunohistochemistry for proliferation and TUNEL assay was performed in xenograft tissues. In vivo lung metastasis was performed to detect the effect of GHET1 on cell metastasis ability.

RESULTS:

Our results revealed that GHET1 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared to normal tissues. GHET1 was also increased in osteosarcoma cell lines compared to normal osteoplastic cell line. The up-regulation of GHET1 was significantly associated with TNM stage, distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis in patients with osteosarcoma. In vitro studies showed that silencing GHET1 in MG-63 and U2OS cells inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion and migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoted cell apoptotic rate, and also caused an increase in cell population at G ${}_{0}$ /G ${}_{1}$ phase with a decrease in cell population at S phase. Overexpression of GHET1 promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells. Importantly, silencing GHET1 inhibited tumor growth and tumor metastasis in mice MG-63-xenograft model in association with changes of EMT-related genes, reduced expression of Ki-67 and promotion of apoptosis.

CONCLUSION:

GHET1 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, inhibited cell apoptosis, promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration by affecting EMT in vitro, and was correlated with the tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. GHET1 may be a potential therapeutic target of osteosarcoma treatment.

Keywords

Osteosarcoma GHET1 metastasis cell proliferation invasion and migration

1. Introduction

Osteosarcoma is a common primary bone tumor, accounting for the most frequent malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents [1]. Approximately 80% of osteosarcoma patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and metastasis is a consistent problem in tumor prognosis and treatment [2, 3]. With the development of combinatorial chemotherapy, the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients has been improved in the nearest statistics with nearly 60–70% of 5-year survival rate [4, 5]. While the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma have gained considerable attention, the mechanisms underlying its initiation and progression remain unclear. Further exploration of osteosarcoma will help in the development of effective strategies in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of osteosarcoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a class of transcripts that are $>$ 200 nucleotides in length and lack the ability to encode proteins [2]. The roles of lncRNAs in cancer progression have been intensively investigated due to the diverse cellular function including cell growth, metastasis, apoptosis and differentiation [6]. Moreover, deregulated expression of lncRNAs has been found in various cancers including osteosarcoma [7]. The discovery and study of lncRNAs is thus of major relevance to human biology and disease, as they represent an extensive, largely unexplored, and functional component of genome [8]. Several lncRNAs including FGFR3, GAS5, MALAT1 and ZFAS1 have been reported to be involved in osteosarcoma progression [5, 9, 10, 11]. Gastric carcinoma highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) is a novel lncRNA, which was found to be aberrant when expressed in gastric carcinoma [12]. Previous study demonstrated that higher expression of GHET1 was associated with a bigger tumor size and worse overall survival [13]. GHET1 has been reported involved in various cancers including colorectal cancer [14], esophageal cancer [15], non-small cell lung cancer [16], gastric cancer [13], while the expression and underlying mechanism of GHET1 on osteosarcoma tumorigenesis are still unclear.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is able to promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. EMT is a process for epithelial cells transforming into mesenchymal cells under specific pathological conditions [17, 18]. During this process, tumor cells lose epithelial characteristics, E-cadherin, occluding, and other cellular tight junctions and transform into mesenchymal cells accompanying with increasing mesenchymal cell biomarkers, ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin and vimentin [6, 19]. Growing evidences indicate that lncRNAs were involved in osteosarcoma invasion and metastasis by regulating EMT [20]. Although several lncRNAs have been demonstrated involved in osteosarcoma tumor progression by regulating EMT [21], the specific role of novel lncRNA GHET1 in osteosarcoma are not studied preciously.

In this study, we assessed the expression levels of relevant genes in clinical samples and osteosarcoma cell lines. We also analyzed the relationship between GHET1 expression and clinicopathological features of osteosarcoma patients. In addition, we investigated the effect of silencing GHET1 on the proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle and EMT of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Moreover, the effects of GHET1 on in vivo tumor growth, lung metastasis, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were also explored.

Table 1
Correlation between GHET1 expression and clinical features of osteosarcoma patients

Variable	GHET1 expression		$p$
	Low expression	High expression	value
Age (years old)
$<$ 25	17	23	0.1702
$\geqslant$ 25	13	7
Gender
Male	18	20	0.7892
Female	12	10
TNM stage
I–II	19	10	0.0379
III–IV	11	20
Tumor size (cm)
$<$ 8	18	15	0.6042
$\geqslant$ 8	12	15
Distant metastasis
Absence	20	9	0.0092
Presence	10	21
Lymph node metastasis
Absence	21	11	0.0191
Presence	9	19

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Clinical patient data and tissue sample

This study was approved by Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Tissue specimen collections were made with full informed consent of the patients, all the research protocols had been examined by Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University and complied with the ethical statement.

A total of 60 osteosarcoma patients were recruited in our study who undergo surgical operation at The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The osteosarcoma diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed. None of them received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery. Written informed consents had been obtained from all the enrolled patients. The clinical information for all the samples is detailed in Table 1. All the osteosarcoma tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues were obtained from patients after surgical excision and were confirmed by two experienced pathologists. Then, the tissues were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen until use.

2.2 Cell culture and transfection

Human osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and MG-63 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Human U2OS cells were cultured in McCoy’s5A medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% heated-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific). NHOst, KHOS and MG-63 cells were grown in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were cultured at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C with 5% CO ${}_{2}$ .

The small interference RNAs for GHET1 (si-GHET1 #1 and si-GHET1#2) and the scrambled siRNA (si-NC) were purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). The pcDNA3.1 and the GHET1 overexpressing plasmid (named pcDNA3.1-GHET1) were obtained from the GenePharma (Shanghai, China). Different concentrations of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or plasmids were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA from cell and tumor tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and quantity of total RNA sample were tested using a microplate spectrophotometer (Multiskan MK3, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Individual RNA samples were reversely transcribed into cDNA by the PrimeScipt RT Master Mix kit (Takara, Dalian, China). The relative levels of relevant genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using the SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM (Takara) and the specific primers in the IQ5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, China). Primers for GHET1 were: forward 5’-CCC CACAAATGAAGACACT-3’ and reverse 5’-TTCCC AACACCCTATAAGAT-3’; ZEB2: forward 5’-TGAG GATGACGGTATTGC-3’ and reverse 5’-ATCTCGTT GTTGTGCCAG-3’; Snail: forward 5’-TGTTGCAGT GAGGGCAAGAA-3’ and reverse 5’-GACCCTGGTT GCTTCAAGGA-3’; N-cadherin: forward 5’-CGAGC CGCCTGCGCTGCCAC-3’ and reverse 5’-CGCTGC TCTCCGCTCCCCGC-3’; vimentin: forward 5’-TAC AGGAAGCTGCTGGAAGG-3’ and reverse 5’-ACCA GAGGGAGTGAATCCAG-3’; E-cadherin: forward 5’-TACGCCTGGGACTCCACCTA-3’ and reverse 5’-C CAGAAACGGAGGCCTGAT-3’; GAPDH: forward 5’-CGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCGTAT-3’ and reverse 5’-AGCCTTCTCCATGGTGGTGAAGAC-3’. Changes in the expression were calculated using the 2 ${}^{-\Delta\Delta\text{Ct}}$ method, GAPDH was used as internal control for mRNA expression.

2.4 CCK-8 assay

After transfection with si-NC, si-GHET1#1 or si-GHET1#2, equal number of MG-63 and U2OS cells were seeded in 96-well plates respectively, and at 0, 24, 48, 72 h post-transfection, cell proliferation was measured with a Cell Counting Kit-8 kit (CCK8, R&S Bio-Technology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The OD values were measured at a wavelength of 450 nm with a microplate spectrophotometer (Multiskan MK3).

2.5 Cell colony formation assay

Cell proliferation ability was also detected by colony formation assay. Human osteosarcoma cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 1000 cells/ml, 2 ml/well. The cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET1#1 or si-GHET1#2. The medium was replaced with fresh medium every 3 days. After incubation for 10 days, the cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 30 min at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. Images of the colonies were captured by Quantity One (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).

2.6 Cell apoptosis and cell cycle assay

Flow cytometry was performed for cell apoptosis assay. Cells were seeded into 6-well plates at density of 1 $\times$ 10 ${}^{5}$ cells/well. At 48 h after transfection (si-NC, si-GHET1#1 or si-GHET1#2), the transfected cells were harvested by trypsinization and washed with PBS. Then, cells were resuspended in Annexin-binding buffer, and 5 $\mu$ l Annexin V-FITC plus 1 $\mu$ l PI were appended. Afterwards, 5 $\mu$ l Annexin V-FITC and 1 $\mu$ l PI double-staining (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used. The apoptotic cells were performed using flow cytometric analyzes (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences) and the Flowjo software (Tree Star Corp, Ashland, USA) was used to analyze the results. For cell cycle analysis, the transfected MG-63 and U2OS cells were fixed with 70% ethanol overnight and stained with PI (0.1 mg/ml) in the presence of Ribonuclease A (Takara) for 30 min at room temperature. The cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur).

2.7 Transwell assays for migration and invasion

The migration and invasion potential of osteosarcoma cells was evaluated by transwell assay. At 48 h after transfection, cells were seeded in the upper chamber of an insert (8 $\mu$ m pore size; Corning Costar, Corning, NY, USA) containing specific medium without FBS (for invasion assay, the insert was coated with Matrigel; for the migration assay, the insert had no Materigel coating), the lower chamber contained the medium supplemented with 10% FBS. After incubation for 24 h, the cells remaining on the upper membrane were gently removed with a cotton swab, then the cell on both sides of the chamber were fixed with methanol. Invasive cells located on the lower side of the chamber were stained with 0.1% crystal violet, imaged and counted.

2.8 Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted from cells using total protein extraction kit according to the manufacture’s instruction (KeyGen, Rockville, MD, USA). The protein concentrations of the lysates were measured by the Protein BCA Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). For the western blotting assay, 20 $\mu$ g of protein mixed with 5 $\times$ SDS loading buffer was loaded per lane, separated with 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk in TBST (TBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was then incubated at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C overnight with primary antibodies against ZEB2 (1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA ), Snail (1:1000, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), N-cadherin (1:1000, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd), vimentin (1:1500, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd), E-cadherin (1:500, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.,) and $\beta$ -actin (1:1500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) followed by incubation with goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1000, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) or goat anti-rabbit antibody IgG (1:1000, Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 1 h at room temperature. ECL western blotting detection reagents (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) were used to visualize the target proteins, which were quantified with a Bio Image Intelligent Quantifier 1-D (Version 2.2.1, Nihon-BioImage Ltd., Japan).

2.9 In vivo tumor xenograft model

All animals were cared for in strict compliance with the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Ministry of Science and Technology of China, 2006). All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University.

Four-week-old male Balb/c nude mice were purchased from Shanghai Jiesijie Experimental Animal Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Animals in this study were housed under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle at controlled temperature (22–26 ${}^{\circ}$ C) and humidity (40%–70%), with free access to food and water.

At 48 h after transfection (si-NC, si-GHET1#1), the transfected MG-63 cells were subcutaneously injected into 4-week-old male Balb/c nude mice. The mice were then randomly divided into two groups, si-NC group and si-GHET1#1 group, $n=$ 6 per group. Tumor volume was examined every 5 d for 35 d. Average tumor volumes are represented starting from the first injection and continuing until sacrifice 35 d later. The xenograft was then removed, and tumor weight was measured and documented at 35 d. Tumor volume (mm ${}^{3}$ ) was estimated by measuring the longest diameters ( $a$ ) and shortest diameters ( $b$ ) of the tumor and calculating as follows: Tumor volume (mm ${}^{3}$ ) $=$ 0.5 $\times a\times b^{2}$ . After that, each tumor was dichotomized, one moiety immersed in 10% formaldehyde for histological evaluation (IHC and TUNEL assays) and the other moiety stored at $-$ 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C for qRT-PCR assay of GHET1 level.

Figure 1.

LncRNA GHET1 was over-expressed in osteosarcoma tissue and associated with poor prognosis. (A) Expression of GHET1 in 60 cases of osteosarcoma tissue and adjacent non-tumor tissue detected by qRT-PCR. (B) Overall survival of osteosarcoma specimens with high and low expression of GHET1. The correlation between GHET1 expression and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method analysis (log-rank test). (C) Expression of GHET1 in three osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS, MG-63, U2OS) were detected by qRT-PCR compared to one normal human osteoplastic cell line (NHOst). $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. ** $p<$ 0.01 and *** $p<$ 0.001 versus respective controls.

2.10 In vivo lung metastasis in mice

MG-63 cells were pre-transfected with si-NC or si-GHET1#1 at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 48 h and washed twice with PBS. Then the cells were collected (1 $\times$ 10 ${}^{6}$ cells in 200 $\mu$ l PBS) were injected into the tail vein of mice. After 8 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and the tumor nodules on the surface of the lungs were counted under a dissecting microscope and the lung nodules were processed for the hematoxylin and eosin staining.

2.11 Immunohistochemistry

Three $\mu$ m thick sections of two groups were prepared and immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described. Sections were deparaffinised, rehydrated, and were pre-treated in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in microwave, then cooled to room temperature. Endogenous peroxide was blocked with 3% H ${}_{2}$ O ${}_{2}$ for 30 min at room temperature. Sections were washed with 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), blocked with 10% goat serum for 15 min to reduce non-specific antibody-binding and then incubated with the primary antibody (Ki-67, at a ratio of 1:300) at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C overnight. Sections were then rinsed with PBS, reacted with secondary antibodies and a polymer helper for 20 min at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C, and followed by PBS and poly-HRP Goat-anti-Rabbit IgG for 30 min at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. Finally, the slides were rewashed with PBS and developed with 3, 3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB), followed by counterstaining with hematoxylin. The specimens were examined under a light microscope (BX53, Olympus, USA)

2.12 TUNEL assay

An in-situ Cell Death Detection Kit (ROCHE, USA) for TUNEL was applied in this study. The slides were dewaxed in xylene, hydrated using graded ethanol. De-paraffinized sections were washed with PBS and incubated with proteinase K for 30 min at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. After the sections were washed three times, they were treated with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), incubated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min to block endogenous peroxidase activity, and then treated with peroxidase-conjugated antibody for 10 min at room temperature. After the sections were washed in PBS, nick end labeling was visualized by immersing the reacted section in DAB solution with 3% hydrogen peroxide and counterstained with methyl green. Finally, the sections were counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin, washed in water and mounted. All slides were observed under a light microscope (BX53, Olympus, USA).

2.13 Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed by using GraphPad Prism Software Version 5.0. All data in the study were represented as mean $\pm$ standard deviation from at least three independent experiments. Statistical comparisons were made by unpaired Student’s t-test (for two-group comparisons) and one-way ANOVA (for multiple group comparisons). Kaplan-Meier methods with the log-rank test were performed to calculate disease overall survival. $p<$ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Figure 2.

Silencing GHET1 suppressed the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. (A, B) MG-63 and U2OS cells were transfected with GHET1 specific siRNA for 48 h and the transfection efficiency was measured by qRT-PCR. (C, D) CCK-8 assay showed the proliferation ability of MG-63 and U2OS cells transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. (E, F) Colony formation assay was performed to measure the effect of GHET1 knockdown on cell growth. MG-63 (E) and U2OS (F) cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 10 days. $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05, ** $p<$ 0.01 and *** $p<$ 0.001 versus respective controls.

Figure 3.

Silencing GHET1 induced cell cycle arrest and promoted the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. (A, B) Effect of GHET1 on apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 (A) and U20S (B) cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h, cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry assay. (C, D) Influence of GHET1 on cell cycle progression in osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 (C) and U20S (D) cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h, cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry method. $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05, ** $p<$ 0.01 and *** $p<$ 0.001 versus respective controls.

Figure 4.

Silencing GHET1 inhibited invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells. (A) Effect of GHET1 on cell invasion in osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 (A) and U20S (B) cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h. The transwell invasion assay was used to measure the capacity of cellular invasion. (B) Effect of GHET1 on cell migration in osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 (C) and U20S (D) cells were transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h, cell migration was detected by transwell migration assay. $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05 and ** $p<$ 0.01 versus respective controls.

3. Results

3.1 LncRNA GHET1 was over-expressed in osteosarcoma tissue and associated with poor prognosis

To determine the biological function of GHET1, the expression of GHET1 in 60 pair osteosarcoma tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues was measured by qRT-PCR. According to the results, the expression of GHET1 was significant up-regulated in cancerous tissues compared with normal counterparts ( $p<$ 0.001, Fig. 1A). The overall survival in these recruited 60 patients was also followed. We compared the overall survival rates of patients with high expression level of GHET1 to those of patients with low expression level of GHET1 by the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. As shown in Fig. 1B, the patients with high expression level of GHET1 in osteosarcoma tissues had shorter survival rates compared to patient with low expression level of GHET1 ( $p<$ 0.05). In addition, we also evaluated the association between GHET1 expression levels in osteosarcoma tissues and clinicopathological features of patients with osteosarcoma. As presented in Table 1, high expression of GHET1 was significantly associated with TNM stage ( $p=$ 0.0379), distant metastasis ( $p=$ 0.0092) and lymph node metastasis ( $p=$ 0.0191), but had no significant correlation with age, gender and tumor size ( $p>$ 0.05). To confirm the results, the expression of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS, MG-63, U2OS) and that in the normal human osteoplastic cell line (NHOst) were detected. The results showed that the expression level of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cell lines was apparently higher than that in normal cell line ( $p<$ 0.001, Fig. 1C). Moreover, the expression of GHET1 was relatively higher in MG-63 and U2OS cells, so we chose MG-63 and U2OS cells for subsequent experiments.

3.2 Silencing GHET1 suppressed the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro

To investigate the effect of GHET1 on the cell proliferation in osteosarcoma, CCK8 and cell colony formation assays were performed. GHET1 siRNA was transfected into MG-63 and U2OS cells. To ensure the efficiency of interference an avoid off-target effects, we used two validated effective interference target sequence of GHET1. QRT-PCR results revealed that GHET1 level was apparently down-regulated in MG-63 (Fig. 2A) and U2OS (Fig. 2B) cells after transfected with si-GHET1# and si-GHET1#2 ( $p<$ 0.01). The CCK-8 assay revealed that, at 72 h post-transfection, silencing GHET1 expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation both in MG-63 (Fig. 2C) and U2OS (Fig. 2D) cells, compared with the cells transfected with si-NC ( $p<$ 0.05). Furthermore, colony formation assay showed that silencing GHET1 suppressed the clone formation ability of MG-63 and U2OS cells ( $p<$ 0.01, Fig. 2E and F). Taken together, silencing GHET1 could inhibit the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells.

3.3 Silencing GHET1 induced cell cycle arrest and promoted the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells

For further investigation, we sequentially verified the effect of GHET1 on apoptosis and cell cycle of osteosarcoma cells using flow cytometry. Results showed that down-regulation of GHET1 in MG-63 and U2OS cells obviously increased the percentage of apoptotic cells when compared to control group ( $p<$ 0.01, Fig. 3A and B). For the cell cycle analysis, down-regulation of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cells increased the cell population at G ${}_{0}$ /G ${}_{1}$ phase ( $p<$ 0.05) and decreased the cell population at S phase ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 3C and D). Thus, flow cytometry showed that silencing GHET1 could promote apoptosis and induce cell cycle arrest in osteosarcoma cells in vitro.

Figure 5.

Silencing GHET1 regulated EMT-related gene expression. (A, B) Relative mRNA expression levels of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and vimentin in MG-63 (A) and U2OS (B) cells transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h. The mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR analysis. (C, D) Western blotting analysis of protein levels of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and vimentin in MG-63 (C) and U2OS (D) cells transfected with si-NC, si-GHET#1 or si-GHET#2 for 48 h. $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05 versus respective controls.

Figure 6.

Silencing GHET1 suppressed the tumor growth, lung metastasis, cell proliferation and caused cell apoptosis in vivo. (A) The volume of MG-63-xenograft tumors in nude mice. MG-63 cells transfected with si-NC or si-GHET#1 were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. When the tumors were established, the tumor volumes were examined every 5 d for 35 d. Average tumor volumes were represented starting from the first injection and continuing until sacrifice 35 d later. (B) The weight of MG-63-xenograft tumors. After 35 d, the mice were euthanized, the tumors were removed and weighed. (C) The average numbers of metastasis nodules observed in the lungs of mice injected with MG-63 cells intravenously. Animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after cells inoculation, pulmonary metastasis was assessed by counting the number of nodules from a macroscopic view. The images of lung and the haemotoxylin and eosin staining for the metastatic nodules were shown in left panel.(D) The relative expression of GHET1 in the tumors. The relative levels of GHET1 expression in vivo were determined by qRT-PCR. (E) The relative expression of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and Vimentin in the tumors. The relative expression levels of these genes were determined by qRT-PCR. (F) Effect of GHET1 on the marker of proliferation in tumors of MG-63-exografted mice. The proliferation cells in the tumor specimens were detected by Ki-67 Immunohistochemistry. (G) Influence of GHET1 on the apoptosis in tumors of MG-63-exografted mice. A TUNEL assay was performed to determine the level of apoptosis. $N=$ 6. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05, ** $p<$ 0.01 and *** $p<$ 0.001 versus respective controls.

3.4 Silencing GHET1 inhibited invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells

We next undertook transwell analyses to determine the role of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cells migration and invasion. The transwell invasion assay showed that the number of invaded cells in osteosarcoma cells transfected with si-GHET1#1 or si-GHET1#2 was significantly decreased when compared to the cells transfected with si-NC ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 4A and B). In addition, transwell migration assay showed that down-regulation of GHET1 obviously decreased the number of migrated cells both in MG-63 (Fig. 4C) and U2OS (Fig. 4D) cells, compared to the control group ( $p<$ 0.01). These results demonstrated that silencing GHET1 could inhibit invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells.

3.5 Overexpression of GHET1 promoted proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells

As shown in Supplemental Fig. S1A and B, the expression of GHET1 was significantly up-regulated in MG-63 and U2OS cells after transfected with pcDNA3.1-GHET1. Further CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, cell invasion and migration assay showed that overexpression of GHET1 significantly promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration (Supplemental Fig. S1C–J). These results indicated that overexpression of GHET1 could promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells.

3.6 Silencing GHET1 regulated EMT-related gene expression

The effects of GHET1 on the expression of EMT-related markers including ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, vimentin and E-cadherin were determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. The qRT-PCR results revealed that osteosarcoma cells transfected with GHET1 siRNA had lower mRNA expression levels of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, vimentin, and higher mRNA expression level of E-cadherin ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 5A and B). Consistently, western blot results showed that down-regulation of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cells decreased the protein level of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, vimentin, and increased the protein expression of E-cadherin (Fig. 5C and D).

3.7 Silencing GHET1 suppressed the tumor growth, lung metastasis, cell proliferation and caused cell apoptosis in vivo

To investigate the effect of GHET1 on osteosarcoma tumorigenesis in vivo, xenograft assay was performed. MG-63 cells transfected with si-NC or si-GHET1#1 were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice. After injection, the dynamic growth of implanted tumors was monitored. As shown in Fig. 6A, after injection for 25 d, the mean volume of the tumors in si-GHET1#1 group was significantly smaller compared with the si-NC group ( $p<$ 0.001). The mean weight of the tumors generated from the si-GHET1#1 group was apparently lower than the si-NC group ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 6B). These results indicated that silencing GHET1 could suppress the tumor growth in vivo.

To evaluate the metastatic potential of GHET1 on MG-63 cells, we cultured the cells transfected with si-NC or si-GHET1#1 and compared their rates of metastasis to the lungs. We injected the cells into the tail vein of mice and the mice were killed 8 weeks later. The number of tumor nodules formed by MG-63 cells transfected with si-NC was significantly more than that formed by MG-63 cells transfected with si-GHET1#1 ( $p<$ 0.01, Fig. 6C).

QRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of GHET1 and EMT-related gene expression in tumors. As a result, GHET1 level was significantly down-regulated in the si-GHET1#1-transfected group compared with the si-NC group ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 6D).In addition, the expression of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin and Vimentin was significantly down-regulated, while the expression of E-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in si-GHET1#1-transfected group compared with the si-NC group ( $p<$ 0.05, Fig. 6E).

To determine whether growth inhibition is responsible for observed antitumor activity of silencing GHET1, immunohistochemistry for proliferation was performed in xenograft tissues. Immunohistochemistry results showed that silencing GHET1 effectively attenuated the expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 ( $p<$ 0.01, Fig. 6F). To consider the possibility that silencing GHET1 induced apoptosis in vivo, fragmentation of nuclear DNA, as a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, was confirmed by TUNEL staining of paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in tumor tissue sections from si-GHET1#1 group was significantly greater than that in si-NC group ( $p<$ 0.01, Fig. 6G). Collectively, these observations suggested that inhibition of GHET1 expression could suppress the tumor growth, lung metastasis, cell proliferation and cause cell apoptosis in vivo.

4. Discussion

In the present study, we first reported that lncRNA GHET1 could be a potential target in osteosarcoma progression. We demonstrated that GHET1 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. The up-regulation of GHET1 was significantly related to TNM stage, distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis. Silencing GHET1 was able to suppress the proliferation, invasion, migration of human osteosarcoma U2OS and MG-63 cells, and promote cell apoptosis in vitro, as well as inhibit the in vivo tumor growth and metastasis.

Osteosarcoma remains one of the most prevalent malignancies and has poor overall survival rates [22]. Despite with the development of diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma, the prognosis is still poor because of the tumor recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance [10]. Therefore, further investigation of the mediator in tumor progress and development of new therapeutic strategies are needed. Here we focused on lncRNA GHET1.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are reported to regulate gene transcription by binding promoter regions and changing histone markers and chromatin state [19]. In addition, lncRNAs interact with the proteins that may be important for cancer biology. Relative studies have found that lncRNAs could influence the development of tumor by affecting the epigenetic, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis including osteosarcoma [8, 23]. LncRNA CRNDE promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration by regulating Notch1 signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition [24]. LncRNA GAS5 suppresses cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-221/ARHI pathway [11]. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway [25]. LncRNA ZFAS1 sponges miR-486 to promote osteosarcoma cells progression and metastasis in vitro and vivo [26]. Gastric carcinoma high expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) is a novel lncRNA located in an intergenic region in gastric carcinoma [27], which has been reported to be overexpressed in several human cancer types including colorectal cancer [14], esophageal cancer [15], non-small cell lung cancer [16], gastric cancer [13], head and neck cancer [28] and pancreatic cancer [29], while its expression and function in osteosarcoma has not been reported previously. In our present study, GHET1 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that high GHET1 expression in osteosarcoma tissues closely related to poor overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. In addition, we demonstrated that high expression of GHET1 in osteosarcoma patients was significantly associated with TNM stage, distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis.

Previous studies indicated that GHET1 could promote breast cancer cell [12], HCC cell [30], NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. GHET1 was found to promote gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by increasing c-myc mRNA ability [31], and to promote multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells [32]. In hepatocellular carcinoma, GHET1 silencing could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells in vitro [12]. In NSCLC, down-regulation of GHET1 in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and EMT process [16]. In pancreatic cancer, inhibition of GHET1 expression inhibited the proliferation capacity of tumor cells, arrested cell cycle in G ${}_{0}$ /G ${}_{1}$ phase and promoted apoptosis [29]. Consistently, in our experiments, we demonstrated that GHET1 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS, MG-63, U2OS cells) compared with normal human osteoplastic cell line (NHOst), while silencing GHET1 was able to suppress the proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells in vitro, which were determined by CCK8, colony formation and transwell assays, respectively. Moreover, to gain further knowledge on underlying molecular mechanism, flow cytometry experiments were performed, the results showed that silencing GHET1 could promote apoptosis and induce cell cycle arrest in osteosarcoma cells in vitro, down-regulation of GHET1 in osteosarcoma cells increased the cell population at G ${}_{0}$ /G ${}_{1}$ phase and decreased the cell population at S phase. More importantly, an in vivo xenograft model was constructed by subcutaneously injecting MG-63 cells into nude mice. Consistent with the in vitro results, silencing GHET1 inhibited osteosarcoma growth in vivo. Concomitant with the results obtained for in vivo tumor growth inhibition, we also observed decreased cell proliferation as documented by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining, and increased cell apoptosis as documented by TUNEL assay.

EMT is important for tumor invasion and the metastasis process [21]. During EMT, primary site epithelial cells undergo morphological and genetic alterations that take on a mesenchymal character, resulting in secondary tumor formation at another site [33]. The EMT-related metastasis has been demonstrated in various studies for osteosarcoma. Thus, controlling of EMT is considered a promising approach to inhibition of metastasis [20]. EMT can be observed by detecting the epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin, and mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and N-cadherin [34]. It has been reported that ZEB2 binds to the E-BOX sequence in the E-cadherin promoter, leading to down-regulation of E-cadherin expression, thereby inducing EMT [35, 36]. Snail has traditionally been implicated in promoting EMT in various system of tumor progression, which is able to stimulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation and invasion in human tumor malignancies including OS [18, 37]. In our present study, we found that silencing GHET1 reduced MG-63 and U2OS cells invasion and migration capability through regulation of EMT-related marker protein expressions. QRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of EMT-related markers in experimental cells, and our results confirmed that silencing GHET1 suppressed EMT in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma cells transfected with GHET1 siRNA had lower mRNA and protein expression levels of ZEB2, Snail, N-cadherin, vimentin, and higher expression level of E-cadherin. In the present study, it is a limitation that we only examined the effects of GHET1 silencing on the expression of EMT-related genes, and future study may perform gene profile experiments such as the RNA-seq to further elucidate the mechanisms of GHET1-meidated osteosarcoma progression.

Distant metastasis is commonly observed in patients with osteosarcoma after surgery. It is estimated that metastasis has been found in 85% of patient with osteosarcoma [38]. The most common site of osteosarcoma metastasis is the lung. Metastatic osteosarcoma is difficult to control, and respiratory symptoms appear only in the setting of extensive involvement [39]. Osteosarcoma also metastasizes to other bone and soft tissue locations. Death from osteosarcoma is usually a result of pulmonary metastasis and respiratory failure because of widespread progression [28, 39]. In our experiments, we conducted an in vivo lung metastasis model by injecting MG-63 cells into the tail vein of nude mice, and counted the tumor nodules of the lungs. The number of tumor nodules formed by MG-63 cells transfected with si-NC was significantly more than that formed by MG-63 cells transfected with si-GHET1, which mean inhibition of GHET1 could suppress the metastasis of osteosarcoma.

5. Conclusions

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

None.

Supplementary data

Supplementary Fig. S1.

Overexpression of GHET1 promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells. (A, B) MG-63 and U2OS cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-GHET1, at 48 h after transfection, the expression of GHET1 was measured by qRT-PCR. (C, D) CCK-8 assay showed the proliferation ability of MG-63 and U2OS cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-GHET1 for 48 h. (E, F) Colony formation assay was performed to measure the effect of GHET1 overexpression on cell growth. (G, H) Effect of GHET1 overexpression on cell invasion of osteosarcoma cells as measured by transwell invasion assay. (I, J) Effects of GHET1 overexpression on cell migration of osteosarcoma cells as measured by transwell invasion assay. $N=$ 3. Data are presented as the mean $\pm$ SD. * $p<$ 0.05 and ** $p<$ 0.01 versus respective controls.

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Knockdown of lncRNA GHET1 inhibits osteosarcoma cells proliferation,invasion,migration and EMT in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1. Introduction

Table 1 Correlation between GHET1 expression and clinical features of osteosarcoma patients

2.1 Clinical patient data and tissue sample

2.2 Cell culture and transfection

2.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)

2.4 CCK-8 assay

2.5 Cell colony formation assay

2.6 Cell apoptosis and cell cycle assay

2.7 Transwell assays for migration and invasion

2.8 Western blot analysis

2.9 In vivo tumor xenograft model

2.11 Immunohistochemistry

2.12 TUNEL assay

2.13 Statistical analysis

3.1 LncRNA GHET1 was over-expressed in osteosarcoma tissue and associated with poor prognosis

3.2 Silencing GHET1 suppressed the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro

3.3 Silencing GHET1 induced cell cycle arrest and promoted the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells

3.5 Overexpression of GHET1 promoted proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells

3.6 Silencing GHET1 regulated EMT-related gene expression

3.7 Silencing GHET1 suppressed the tumor growth, lung metastasis, cell proliferation and caused cell apoptosis in vivo

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

Supplementary data

References

Table 1
Correlation between GHET1 expression and clinical features of osteosarcoma patients