Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2016-11
Differences in the angle of the medial longitudinal arch and muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and tibialis anterior during sitting short-foot exercises between subjects with pes planus and subjects with neutral foot
Excessive activity of the tibialis anterior muscle may be a causal mechanism in overuse injuries such as stress fracture in pes planus patients. However, information about this relationship is limited. In this study, we compared the angle of the medial longitudinal arch, the activities of the abductor hallucis and tibialis anterior muscles, and the activity ratio of tibialis anterior/abductor hallucis in individuals with pes planus and those with a neutral foot position during short-foot exercises conducted while sitting.
METHODS:
Differences between the groups were analyzed using an independent t-test. In all, 28 university students participated in this study (14 subjects in each group).
RESULTS:
The activity of the abductor hallucis muscle was significantly lower (p < 0.001), and the activity ratio of tibialis anterior/abductor hallucis was significantly greater (p = 0.012) in the pes planus group than in the neutral foot group during the exercise.
CONCLUSIONS:
Clinicians should recognize that pes planus patients may compensate for reduced activation of the abductor hallucis to maintain the angle of the medial longitudinal arch during the sitting short-foot exercise.
PrenticeWE, KaminskiTW. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training: McGraw-hill New York, 2004.
4.
JungD-Y, KimM-H, KohE-K, KwonO-Y, CynnH-S, LeeW-H. A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2011; 12(1): 30-5.
5.
MurleyGS, LandorfKB, MenzHB, BirdAR. Effect of foot posture, foot orthoses and footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running: A systematic review. Gait & Posture. 2009; 29(2): 172-87.
RoseG. Disorder of the foot and ankle, pes planus. MH Jahss, ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 1991: 892-919.
8.
KamiyaT, UchiyamaE, WatanabeK, SuzukiD, FujimiyaM, YamashitaT. Dynamic effect of the tibialis posterior muscle on the arch of the foot during cyclic axial loading. Clinical Biomechanics. 2012; 27(9): 962-6.
9.
JungD-Y, KohE-K, KwonO-Y. Effect of foot orthoses and short-foot exercise on the cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with pes planus: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2011; 24(4): 225-31.
10.
GrayEG, BasmajianJV. Electromyography and cinematography of leg and foot (``normal'' and flat) during walking. The Anatomical Record. 1968; 161(1): 1-15.
11.
MANNR, INMANVT. Phasic activity of intrinsic muscles of the foot. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1964; 46(3): 469-81.
12.
KaufmanKR, BrodineSK, ShafferRA, JohnsonCW, CullisonTR. The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999; 27(5): 585-93.
13.
SimkinA, LeichterI, GiladiM, SteinM, MilgromC. Combined effect of foot arch structure and an orthotic device on stress fractures. Foot & Ankle International. 1989; 10(1): 25-9.
14.
SegesserB, NiggB, MorellF. Achillodynie und tibiale Insertionstendinosen. Med U Sport. 1980; 29: 79-83.
15.
AndersonMK, HallSJ, MartinM. Foundations of athletic training: Prevention, assessment, and management: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.
16.
RothermelSA, HaleSA, HertelJ, DenegarCR. Effect of active foot positioning on the outcome of a balance training program. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2004; 5(2): 98-103.
17.
FiolkowskiP, BruntD, BishopM, WooR, HorodyskiM. Intrinsic pedal musculature support of the medial longitudinal arch: An electromyography study. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2003; 42(6): 327-33.
18.
HeadleeDL, LeonardJL, HartJM, IngersollCD, HertelJ. Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2008; 18(3): 420-5.
19.
Van BoerumDH, SangeorzanBJ. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Foot and Ankle Clinics. 2003; 8(3): 419-30.
20.
CoteKP, Brunet IIME, GansnederBM, ShultzSJ. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training. 2005; 40(1): 41.
21.
CriswellE. Cram's introduction to surface electromyography: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2010.
22.
AbràmoffMD, MagalhãesPJ, RamSJ. Image processing with Image J. Biophotonics International. 2004; 11(7): 36-42.
23.
KuoYL, TullyEA, GaleaMP. Video analysis of sagittal spinal posture in healthy young and older adults. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2009; 32(3): 210-5.
24.
RasbandWS. Image J. http://rsbweb nih gov/ij/. 2008.
25.
IncelNA, GencH, ErdemH, YorganciogluZ. Muscle imbalance in hallux valgus: An electromyographic study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2003; 82(5): 345-9.
26.
KendallFP, McCrearyEK, ProvancePG, RodgersMM, RomaniWA. Muscles: testing and function with posture and pain, 2005.
27.
BandholmT, BoysenL, HaugaardS, ZebisMK, BenckeJ. Foot medial longitudinal-arch deformation during quiet standing and gait in subjects with medial tibial stress syndrome. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2008; 47(2): 89-95.
28.
WongYS. Influence of the abductor hallucis muscle on the medial arch of the foot: A kinematic and anatomical cadaver study. Foot & ankle international. 2007; 28(5): 617-20.
29.
ReeserLA, SusmanRL, SternJT. Electromyographic studies of the human foot: experimental approaches to hominid evolution. Foot & Ankle International. 1983; 3(6): 391-407.
30.
ChangJS, KwonYH, KimCS, AhnS-H, ParkSH. Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2012; 25(1): 21-6.
31.
KellisE, ZafeiridisA, AmiridisIG. Muscle coactivation before and after the impact phase of running following isokinetic fatigue. Journal of Athletic Training. 2011; 46(1): 11-9.
32.
SayersMG, TweddleAL, EveryJ, WiegandA. Changes in drive phase lower limb kinematics during a 60 min cycling time trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2012; 15(2): 169-74.
33.
MessierSP, PittalaKA. Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1988; 20(5): 501-5.
34.
HintermannB, NiggBM. Pronation in runners. Sports Medicine. 1998; 26(3): 169-76.
35.
HattonAL, DixonJ, MartinD, RomeK. The effect of textured surfaces on postural stability and lower limb muscle activity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2009; 19(5): 957-64.
