Shell Formation and Function and Its Role in Incubation

Ar A. , and Deeming D.C. (2002) Roles of water and gas exchange in determining hatchability success. In: Practical Aspects of Commercial Incubation in Poultry, Deeming D.C. (ed.), pp. 21–25. Ratite Conference Books, Lincoln. Reprinted in 2009: Avian Biol. Res., 2, 61–66.

Arias J.L. , and Fernandez M.S. (2001) Role of extracellular matrix molecules in shell formation and structure. World's Poult. Sci. J., 57, 349–357.

Berrang M.E. , Cox N.A. , Frank J.F. , and Buhr R.J. (1999) Bacterial penetration of the eggshell and shell membranes of the chicken hatching egg: A review. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 8, 499–504.

Board R.G. , and Sparks N.H.C. (1991) Shell structure and formation in avian eggs. In: Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, Deeming D.C. , and Ferguson M.J.W. (eds.), pp. 71–86. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Board R.G. , Tullett S.G. , and Perrott H.R. (1977) An arbitrary classification of the pore system in avian eggs. J. Zool., Lond., 182, 251–265.

Booth D.T. , and Jones D.N. (2002) Underground nesting in the megapodes. In: Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment and Evolution, Deeming D.C. (ed.), pp. 192–206. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Christensen V.L. , and Bagley R.A. (1984) Vital gas exchange and hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude. Poult. Sci., 63, 1350–1356.

Deeming D.C. (1987) Effect of cuticle removal on the water vapour conductance of eggshells of several species of domestic bird. Brit. Poult. Sci., 28, 231–237.

Deeming D.C. (1997) Ratite Egg Incubation. Ratite Conference Books, Buckinghamshire.

Deeming D.C. (2002a) Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Deeming D.C. (2002b). In: Functional characteristics of eggs. Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment and Evolution, Deeming D.C. (ed.), pp. 8–27. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

French N.A. , and Tullett S.G. (1991) Variations in the eggs of poultry species. In: Avian Incubation, Tullett S.G. (ed.), pp. 59–77. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.

Gautron J. , Hincke M.T. , Panheleux M. , Garcia-Ruiz J.M. , Boldicke T. , and Nys Y. (2001) Ovotransferrin is a matrix protein of the hen eggshell membranes and basal calcified layer. Connective Tiss. Res., 42, 255–267.

Lavelin I. , Meiri N. , and Pines M. (2000) New insight in eggshell formation. Poult. Sci., 79, 1014–1017.

Meir M. , and Ar A. (1996) Artificial increase of eggshell conductance improves hatchability of early laid goose eggs. Brit. Poult. Sci., 37, 937–951.

Monge C.C. , Ostojic H. , Aguilar R. , and Cifuentes V. (2000) Reduced oxygen diffusion across the shell of gray gull (Larus modestus) eggs. Biol. Res., 33, 209–214.

Nys Y. , Hinche M.T. , Arias J.L. , Garcia-Ruiz J.M. , and Solomon S.E. (1999) Avian eggshell mineralization. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 10, 143–166.

Nys Y. , Gautron J. , McKee M.D. , Garcia-Ruiz J.M. , and Hincke T. (2001) Biochemical and functional characterisation of eggshell matrix proteins in hens. World's Poult. Sci. J., 57, 401–413.

Rahn H. (1977) Adaptation of the avian embryo to altitude. In: Respiratory Adaptations, Capillary Exchange and Reflex Mechanisms, Paintal A.S. , and Gill-Kumar P. (eds.), pp. 94–105. University of Dehli, Dehli.

Rahn H. , Carey C. , Balmas K. , Bhatia B. , and Paganelli C.V. (1977) Reduction of pore area of the avian eggshell as an adaptation to altitude. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 74, 3095–3098.

Shafey T.M. (2002) Eggshell conductance, embryonic growth, hatchability and embryonic mortality of broiler breeder eggs dipped into ascorbic acid solution. Brit. Poult. Sci., 43, 135–140.

Simkiss K. (1967) Calcium in Reproductive Physiology. Publishing Corporation, New York.

Solomon S.E. (1991) Egg and Eggshell Quality. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London.

Sparks N.H.C. (1994) Shell accessory materials: structure and function. In: Microbiology of the Avian Egg, Board R.G. , and Fuller R. (eds.), pp. 25–42. Chapman and Hall, London.

Sparks N.H.C. , and Board R.G. (1984) Cuticle, shell porosity and water uptake through hens’ egg shells. Brit. Poult. Sci., 25, 267–276.

Sparks N.H.C. , and Board R.G. (1985) Bacterial penetration of the recently oviposited shell of hens’ eggs. Aust. Vet. J., 62, 169–170.

Tuan R.S. , Non O. , Akins R.E. , and Koide M. (1991) Experimental studies on cultured, shell-less fowl embryos: calcium transport, skeletal development and cardio-vascular functions. In: Egg Incubation: Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles, Deeming D.C. , and Ferguson M.J.W. (eds.), pp. 419–433. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wangensteen O.D. , Rahn H. , Burton R.R. , and Smith A.H. (1974) Respiratory gas exchange of high altitude adapted chick embryos. Resp. Physiol., 21, 61–70.