This review shows that, taking the Brönsted equation as a starting point, the equations describing the kinetic effects of added salts, micelles, solvent, catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis), change in the electrode potential, and substituents can be established through thermodynamic considerations of these effects. In this sense, the Brönsted equation can be considered as the universal equation describing chemical reactivity.
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The differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis are not always clear. Thus, in microheterogeneous systems like micellar and related systems, which can influence the rate of reactions, the distinction is not easy. In some sense, this depends on the point of view of the observer. If the system is considered monophasic, and the reactants and micelles are considered as solutes, micellar effects would be a special case of homogeneous catalysis. However, if the micellar system, with a solvent phase and a micellar phase, as is implicit in the pseudophase model, the micellar effects should be considered as heterogeneous catalysis.
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