The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: An Analysis of Exposures,Sources,and Risks Associated with Four Volatile Organic Chemicals

1. Hartwell, T.D. Clayton, A.C. Michie, R.W. Whitmore, R.W. Zelon, H.S. Hones, S.M. and Whitehurst, D.A. (1984) Study of Carbon Monoxide of Residents of Washington, DC and Denver, Colorado: Part I. Final report, USEPA Contract * 68–02–3679.

2. Johnson, T. (1983) A Study of Personal Exposures to Carbon Monoxide in Denver, Colorado. Final report, USEPA Contract * 68–02–3755.

3. Ott, W.R. , Thomas, J. , Mage, D. , and Wallace, L. (1988) Validation of the stimulation of human activity and pollution exposure (SHAPE) model using paired days from the Denver, Colorado carbon monoxide field study. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2101–2113.

4. Wallace, L.A. , Thomas, J. , Mage, D. and Ott, W.R. (1988) Comparison of breath CO, CO exposure, and Coburn model predictions in the U.S. EPA Washington-Denver CO study. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2183–2193.

5. Lewis, R.G. , and Bond, A.E. (1987). Non-occupational exposure to household pesticides. In: Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. I. West Berlin: Institute for Soil, Water, and Air Hygiene, pp. 195–199.

6. Immerman, G.A. , Rush, A. , Jones, S.M. , Camann, D.E. , Harding, H.J. , Hsu, J.P. , Lev-ON, M. , Delwiche, J.C. , Levan, L. , and Lin, C.-C. (1988). Non-occupational Pesticides Exposure Study (NOPES), Phase II Interim Report, Vol. I, Overview and Results. Research Triangle Park, NC: US Environmental Protection Agency.

7. Smith, K. (1988). Air pollution: Assessing total exposure in the United States. Environment 30 (8).

8. Wallace, L.A. (1987). Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Summary and Analysis. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

9. Pellizzari, E.D. , Perritt, K. , Hartwell, T.D. , Michael, L.C. , Whitmore, R. , Handy, R.W. , Smith, D. , and Zelon, H. (1987). Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study: Elizabeth and Bayonne, New Jersey; Devils Lake, North Dakota; and Greensboro, North Carolina. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

10. Pellizzari, E.D. , Perritt, K. , Hartwell, T.D. , Michael, L.C. , Whitmore, R. , Handy, R.W. , Smith, D. , and Zelon, H. (1987) Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Selected Communities in Northern and Southern California. Vol. III. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

11. Handy, R.W. , et al. (1987). Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Standard Operating Procedures, Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

12. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E. , Hartwell, T. , Rosenzweig, M. , Erickson, M. , Sparaci-NO, C. , and Zelon, H. (1984). Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds. I. Direct measurement in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath. Environ. Res. 35, 293–319.

13. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E. , Hartwell, T. , Sparacino, C. , Sheldon, L. , and Zelon, H. (1985). Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships and breath levels of toxic air pollutants measured for 355 persons in New Jersey. Atmos. Environ. 19, 1651–1661.

14. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E.D. , Hartwell, T.D. , Sparacino, C. , Whitmore, R. , Sheldon, L. , Zelon, H. , and Perritt, R. (1987). “The TEAM Study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. Environ. Res. 43, 290–307.

15. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E.D. , Hartwell, T.D. , Whitmore, R. , Zelon, H. , Perritt, R. and Sheldon, L. (1988). The California TEAM study: Breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, CA. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2141–2163.

16. Krotoszynski, B.K. , Gabriel, G. , And O'NEILL, H. (1977). Characterization of human expired air: A promising investigation and diagnostic technique. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 15, 239–244.

17. Krotoszynski, B.K. , Bruneau, G.M. , and O'NEILL, H.J. (1979). Measurement of chemical inhalation exposure in urban populations in the presence of endogenous effluents. J. Anal. Toxicol. 3, 225–234.

18. Pellizzari, E.D. , et al. (1981). Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study, Vol. I: Northern New Jersey (393 pages), Vol. II: Research Triangle Park, vol. III: Quality Assurance, EPA contract no. 68–01–3849. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development. (not available from NTIS).

19. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E. , Hartwell, T. , Zelon, H. , Sparacino, C. , Perritt, R. , and Whitmore, R. (1986). Concentrations of 20 volatile organic compounds in the air and drinking ester of 350 residents of New Jersey compared with concentrations in their exhaled breath. J. Occup. Med. 28, 603–608.

20. Gordon, S. , Wallace, L. , Pellizzari, E. , and O'NEILL, H. (1988). Breath measurements in a clean air chamber to determine washout times for volatile organic compounds at normal environmental concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 22, 2165–2170.

21. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1982). Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. IARC monograph No. 29.

22. Higgins, C. , et al. (1983). Applications of Tenax trapping to cigarette smoking. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 66, 1074–83.

23. Rogot, E. , and Murray, J.L. (1980). Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. Public Health Rep. 95, 213–22.

24. Wallace, L. , Pellizzari, E. , Hartwell, T. , Perritt, K. , and Ziegenfus, R. (1987). Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. Arch. Environ. Health 42, 272–279.

25. Krause, C. , Mailahn, W. , Nagel, R. , Schulz, C. , Seifert B. , and Ullrich D. (1987). Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in the air of 500 homes in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1. West Berlin: Institute for Soil, Water, and Air Hygiene, pp. 102–106.

26. Higgins, C.E. (1987). Organic vapor phase composition of sidestream and environmental tobacco smoke from cigarettes. In: Proceedings of the 1987 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, pp. 140–151.

27. Sandler, D.P. , Everson, R.B. , Wilcox, A.J. , and Browder, J.P. (1985). Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking. Am. J. Public Health 75, 467.

28. Stjernfeldt, M. , Berglund, K. , Lindsten, J. , and Ludvigsson, J. (1986). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood cancer. Lancet 1, 1350–1352.

29. Bond, A.E. (1986). Self-service station vehicle refueling exposure study. In: Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants, pp. 458–466.

30. Gammage, R.B. , White, D.A. , and Gupta, K.C. (1984). Residential measurements of high volatility organics and their sources. In: Indoor Air, v. 4. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Council for Building Research, pp. 157–162.

31. Mc CLENNY, W.A. , Lumpkin, T.A. , Pleil, J.D. , Oliver, K.D. , Bubacz, D.K. , Faircloth, J.W. , and Daniels, W.H. (1986). Canister-based VOC samplers. In: Proceedings of the EPA/APCA Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants. Pittsburgh, PA: Air Pollution Control Association.

32. National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1986). Technical Report on the Toxicity and Carcinogenesis of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (CAS *106–46–7) in F344/n Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (gavage study). NTP Technical Report * 319, Board Draft.

33. Howie, S.J. (1981). Ambient perchloroethylene levels inside coin-operated laundries with dry-cleaning machines on the premises. Contract *68–02–2722. Research Triangle Park, NC: USEPA.

34. Monster, A.C. , and Smolders, J.F.J. (1984). Tetrachloroethylene in exhaled air of persons living near pollution sources. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 53, 331–336.

35. Verberk, M.M. , and Scheffers, T.M.L. (1980). Tetrachloroethylene in exhaled air of residents near drycleaning shops. Environ. Res. 21, 432–437.

36. Pellizzari, E.D. , et al. (1984). Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM): Dry Cleaners Study, EPA contract no. 68–02–3626. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development. (Not available from NTIS).

37. Tichenor, B. , Sparks, L. , and Jackson, M. (1988). Evaluation of perchloroethylene emissions from dry-cleaned fabrics. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/2–88–061.

38. Andelman, J.B. , Wilder, L.C. , and Myers, S.M. (1987). Indoor air pollution from volatile chemicals in water. In: Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1. West Berlin: Institute for Soil, Water and Air Hygiene, pp. 37–42.

39. Mckone, T.E. (1987). Human exposure to VOCs in household tap water: The indoor inhalation pathway. Environ. Sci. Tech. 21, 1194–1201.

40. Wallace, L.A. , Hartwell, T.D. , Perritt, K. , Sheldon, L.S. , Michael, L. , and Pellizzari, E.D. (1987). The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds. In: Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1, West Berlin: Institute for Soil, Water, and Air Hygiene, pp. 117–121.

41. Pleil, J.D. , Oliver, K.D. , and Mcclenny, W.A. (1987). Time-resolved measurement of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds. In: Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. 1. West Berlin: Institute for Soil, Water, and Air Hygiene, pp. 164–168.

42. Entz, R. , Thomas, K. , and Diachenko, G. (1982). Residues of volatile halocarbons in food using headspace gas chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 30, 846–849.

43. Wallace, L.A. , Pellizzari, E. , Leaderer, B. , Zelon, H. , and Sheldon, L. (1987). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from building materials and consumer products. Atmos. Environ. 21, 385–393.

44. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1988). The Inside Story: A Consumer's Guide to Indoor Air Pollution. Washington, D.C.: USEPA.