Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure by an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal mucosa. This study was designed to investigate the role of nasal mucosa temperature in AR.
Methods
We investigated the relationship between eosinophilic infiltration, nasal obstruction, and nasal mucosa temperature in 35 children with rhinitis aged 6–12 years.
Results
A significant relationship was shown between nasal temperature values and eosinophil infiltration at nasal cytology (p < 0 01). Nasal temperature was also significantly associated with nasal obstruction, assessed in terms of nasal volume (Vol [2–5 cm]; p < 0.05) and minimum cross-sectional area (p < 0.01). No significant correlation emerged between the degree of nasal obstruction and presence of eosinophils at nasal cytology (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
These results suggest a relationship between nasal temperature and nasal mucosa inflammation and obstruction. (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00952835)
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BousquetJVan CauwenbergeP and KhaltaevN and Aria Workshop Group. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008.Allergy63:S8–S160, 2008.
2.
StrachanDSibbaldBWeilandS, . Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).Pediatr Allergy Immunol8:161–176, 1997.
3.
HilbergO.Objective measurement of nasal airway dimensions using acoustic rhinometry: Methodological and clinical aspects.Allergy57(suppl 70): 5–39, 2002.
4.
ChawesBLKKreiner-MollerE and BisgaardH.Objective assessments of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in young children.Allergy64:1547–1553, 2009.
5.
ChenSTSunHLLuKH, . Correlation of immunoglobulin E, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil count with the severity of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis.J Microbiol Immunol Infect39:212–218, 2006.
6.
MiriSFaridRAkbariH and AminR.Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and nasal smear eosinophilia in 11 to 15 yr-old children in Shiraz.Pediatr Allergy Immunol17:519–523, 2006.
7.
PiacentiniGLKaulbachHScottT and KalinerMA.Evaluation of nasal cytology: A comparison between methods.Allergy53:326–328, 1998.
8.
PiacentiniGBodiniAZermanL, . Relationship between exhaled air temperature and exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma.Eur Respir J20:108–111, 2002.
9.
ParediPKharitonovSA and BarnesPJ.Faster rise in exhaled breath temperature in asthma: A novel marker of airway inflammation?Am J Respir Crit Care Med165:181–184, 2002.
10.
PiacentiniGLPeroniDCrestaniE, . Exhaled air temperature in asthma: Methods and relationship with markers of disease.Clin Exp Allergy37:415–419, 2007.
11.
PipkornUKarlssonG and EnerbackL.The cellular response of the human allergic mucosa to natural allergen exposure.J Allergy Clin Immunol82:1046–1054, 1988.
12.
HilbergO and PedersenOF.Acoustic rhinometry: Recommendations for technical specifications and standard operating procedures.Rhinology16:S3–S17, 2000.
13.
ParvezLErasalaG and NoronhaA.Novel techniques, standardization tools to enhance reliability of acoustic rhinometry measurements.Rhinology16:S18–S28, 2000.
14.
ColeP.Acoustic rhinometry e rhinomanometry.Rhinology16:S29–S34, 2000.
15.
DjupeslandP and PedersenO.Acoustic rhinometry in infants and children.Rhinology16:S52–S58, 2000.
16.
HowarthPHPerssonCGMeltzerEO, . Objective monitoring of nasal airway inflammation in rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol115: S414–S441, 2005.
17.
MalmbergH.Symptoms of chronic and allergic rhinitis and occurrence of nasal secretion granulocytes in university students, school children and infants.Allergy34:389–394, 1979.
18.
WangDClementPDe WaeleM and DerdeMP.Study of nasal cytology in atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge.Rhinology33:78–81, 1995.
19.
LansDMAlfanoN and RocklinR.Nasal eosinophilia in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: Usefulness of the nasal smear in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.Allergy Proc10:275–280, 1989.
20.
CaffarelliCCavagniGGiordanoS, . Increased nasal eosinophils in children with otitis media with effusion.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg115:454–457, 1996.
21.
StewartMG.Identification and management of undiagnosed and undertreated allergic rhinitis in adults and children.Clin Exp Allergy38:751–760, 2008.
22.
SalapatekAMPatelPGopalanG and VargheseST.Mometasone furoate nasal spray provides early, continuing relief of nasal congestion and improves nasal patency in allergic patients.Am J Rhinol Allergy24:433–438, 2010.
23.
WandalsenGFMendesAI and SoléD.Objective improvement in nasal congestion and nasal hyperreactivity with use of nasal steroids in persistent allergic rhinitis.Am J Rhinol Allergy24:32–36, 2010.
24.
PhipatanakulCS and SlavinRG.Use of thermography in clinical allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol50:264–275, 1972.
25.
SeppeyMHesslerCBruchezM, . Facial thermography during nasal provocation tests with histamine and allergen.Allergy48:314–318, 1993.
26.
BousquetJJacquotWVignolaM, . Allergic rhinitis: A disease remodeling the upper airways?J Allergy Clin Immunol113:43–49, 2004.
27.
VignolaAMKipsJ and BousquetJ.Tissue remodeling as a feature of persistent asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol105:1041–1053, 2000.
28.
BachertCVignolaAMGevaertP, . Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma: one airway disease.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am24:19–43, 2004.
29.
ChawesBLKKreiner-MollerE and BisgaardH.Upper and lower airway patency are associated in young children.Chest137:1332–1337, 2010.
GrymerL.Clinical applications of acoustic rhinometry.Rhinology16:S35–S43, 2000.
32.
LindemannJLeiackerRRettingerG and KeckT.Nasal mucosal temperature during respiration.Clin Otolaryngol27:135–139, 2002.
33.
ChenXBLeeHPChongVF, . Numerical simulation of the effects of inferior turbinate surgery on nasal airway heating capacity.Am J Rhinol Allergy24:118–122, 2010.
34.
LindemannJTsakiropoulouEKeckT, . Nasal air conditioning in relation to acoustic rhinometry values.Am J Rhinol Allergy23: 575–577, 2009.
35.
ArrighiHMCookCK and ReddingGJ.The prevalence and impact of allergic rhinitis among teenagers.J Allergy Clin Immunol97:430, 1996.
36.
MeltzerO.Quality of life in adults and children with allergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol108:S45–S53, 2001.
37.
LackG.Pediatric allergic rhinitis and comorbid disorders.J Allergy Clin Immunol108:S9–S15, 2001.
