Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of KR-withdrawal on performance and the chronological profile of KR-delivery following the self-paced procedure and the blank trial technique. 120 participants were randomly separated into 12 groups and practiced finding an 8-in. line with no fixed starting and ending points. Appropriate 12 × 3 (groups by blocks of trials) analyses of variance and a prior contrasts were conducted to analyze all dependent variables (absolute error, variable error, movement time, KR-delay, post-KR interval, and KR-delay by post-KR interval ratio). The results indicated that (a) accuracy decreased significantly when KR was withdrawn early in practice, while the effects of KR-withdrawal later in practice affected accuracy differently. (b) Early in practice, participants performed at the same level of consistency even when KR was withdrawn; however, later in practice, the participants were less variable, (c) Movement time, KR-delay, and post-KR-interval were affected differently during early and later stages of practice, (d) Moderate to high correlations between absolute error and post-KR intervals may indicate the development of mechanisms for error detection.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Adams

J. A.

(1952) Warm-up decrement in performance on the pursuit rotor. American Journal of Psychology, 65, 404–415.

Adams

J. A.

(1961) The second facet of forgetting; a review of warm-up decrement. Psychological Bulletin, 58, 257–273.

Adams

J. A.

(1971) A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 111–150.

Adams

J. A.

Goetz

E. T.

, & Marshall

P. H.

(1972) Response feedback and motor learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 391–397.

Adams

J. A.

Gopher

, & Lintern

(1977) Effects of visual and proprioceptive feedback on motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 9, 11–22.

Bilodeau

E. A.

Bilodeau

I. M.

, & Schumsky

D. A.

(1959) Some effects of introducing and withdrawing knowledge of results early and late in practice. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 142–144.

Boik

R. J.

(1981) A priori tests in repeated measures designs: effects of nonsphericity. Psychometrika, 46, 241–255.

Boik

R. J.

, & Kjrk

R. E.

(1977) A general method for partitioning sums of squares of treatments and interactions in the analysis of variance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 1–9.

Keppel

(1991) Design and analysis: a researcher's handbook. (3rd ed.) New York: Prentice-Hall.

10.

Newell

K. M.

(1974) Knowledge of results and motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 6, 235–244.

11.

Newell

K. M.

, & Chew

R. A.

(1974) Recall and recognition in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 6, 245–253.

12.

Schmidt

R. A.

(1975) A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225–260.

13.

Schmidt

R. A.

(1988) Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. (2nd ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

14.

Schmidt

R. A.

, & White

J. L.

(1972) Evidence for error detection mechanism in motor skills: a test of Adams' closed-loop theory. Journal of Motor Behavior, 4, 143–154.

15.

Swinnen

S. P.

(1988) Post-performance activities and skill learning. In Meijer

O. G.

& Roth

(Eds.), Complex movement behaviour: the motor-action controversy. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Pp. 315–338.

16.

Swinnen

S. P.

(1990) Interpolated activities during the knowledge-of-results delay and post-knowledge-of-results interval: effects on performance and learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 692–705.

17.

Travlos

A. K.

(1999a) More practice does not necessarily enhance transfer of learning: evidence and interpretations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 1161–1175.

18.

Travlos

A. K.

(1999b) Re-examining the temporal locus of knowledge of results (KR): a self-paced approach to learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 1077–1091.

19.

Wallace

S. A.

DeOreo

K. L.

, & Roberts

G. C.

(1976) Memory and perceptual trace development in ballistic timing. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8, 133–137.

Kr-Withdrawal and Self-Paced Motor Performance

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References