In this pilot study approximately one-quarter of a nonrandom community sample of 16 men and 34 women of lower socioeconomic status reported scores implicating moderate to severe depression and anxiety. Higher age and lower education were associated with higher scores on distress.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbasM.BroadheadJ. (1994) Mental disorders in the developing world. British Medical Journal, 308, 1052.
2.
BeckA. T.SteerR. A. (1993) Beck Anxiety Inventory: Manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.
3.
BeckA. T.WardC. H.MendelsonM.MockJ.ErbaughJ. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
4.
BeckA. T.WeissmanA.LesterD.TrexlerL. (1974) The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 861–865.
5.
HollifieldM.KatonW.MorojeleN. (1994) Anxiety and depression in an outpatient clinic in Lesotho, Africa. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 24, 179–188.
6.
HollifieldM.KatonW.SkipperB.ChapmanT.BallengerJ. C.MannuzzaS.FyerA. J. (1997) Panic disorder and quality of life: Variables predictive of functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 766–772.
7.
HollifieldM.KatonW.SpainD.PuleL. (1990) Anxiety and depression in Lesotho, Africa: A comparison with the United States. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 343–350.
8.
MumfordD. B.SaeedK.AhmadI.LatifS.MubbasharM. H. (1997) Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab: A community survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 473–478.
9.
OrleyJ.LittB.WingJ. K. (1979) Psychiatric disorders in two African villages. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 513–520.
10.
PeirsonA. R.HeuchertJ. W. (1998) Personality and depression: The relation between the TCI and BDI. In SchlebuschL. (Ed.), South Africa beyond transition: Psychological well-being. Pretoria, South Africa: Psychological Society of South Africa. Pp. 243–247.
11.
PhiferJ. F.MurrellS. A. (1986) Enologic factors in the onset of depressive symptoms in older adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 282–291.
12.
President's Commission On Mental Health. (1979) Mental health and the elderly: Recommendations for action. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
13.
ReelerA. P.ToddC. H. (1994) An overview of psychological disorders and psychiatric services in Zimbabwe. In PillayY.BhanaA.BhagwanjeeA.ParekhA.PetersenI. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Primary Mental Health Care Workshop. Univer. of Durban-Westville, September. Pp. 7–27.
14.
Thurston-HicksA.PaineS.HollifieldM. (1998) Functional impairment associated with psychological distress and medical severity in rural primary care patients. Psychiatric Services, 49, 951–955.
15.
WatsonD.KendallP. C. (1989) Understanding anxiety and depression: Their relation to negative and positive affective states. In KendallP. C.WatsonD. (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace. Pp. 3–26.
