40 subjects were given the Cold Pressor Test. There were large individual differences in the time subjects were willing to keep their hands immersed in the cold water. Predictors indicated for these differences were sex, emotional stability, and facial activity during the test. Emotional stability was measured by means of questionnaire scales and facial activity by ratings on the basis of videotapes.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AtkinsonJ. W. (1964) An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
2.
BerkeleyK. J. (1997) Sex differences in pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 371–380.
3.
EkmanP.FriesenW. V. (1978) Manual for the Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
4.
EllermeierW. (1997) On separating pain from the willingness to report it. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 448–449.
5.
ElusL. (1986) Evidence of neuroandrogenic etiology of sex roles from a combined analysis of human, nonhuman primate and nonprimate mammalian studies. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 519–552.
6.
FeijJ. A. (1974) An investigation into the meaning of the achievement motivation test: I. Questionnaire correlates. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 29, 171–190.
7.
GijsbersK.NivenC. A. (1997) Psychobiological sex differences in pain: Psychological as much as biological. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 449.
8.
GoolkasianP. (1985) Phase and sex effects in pain perception: A critical review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 15–28.
9.
GuilfordJ. P.ZimmermanW. S. (1949) The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: Manual of instructions and interpretations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sheridan Supply.
10.
HardcastleV. G. (1997) Pains are in the head, not the spine. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 451–452.
11.
HentschelU. (1977) Pain tolerance and its predictability through ratings and psychological tests. Archiv für Psychologie, 129, 39–54.
12.
HentschelU. (1994) “Schmerz und Schmerzhaftigkeit”. Zur glechnamigen Arbeit von A. Auersperg. In Oettingen-SpielbergThzuLangH. (Eds.), Leibliche Bedingungen und personale Entfaltung der Wahrnehmung. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. Pp. 81–98.
13.
HentschelU.HolleyJ. W. (1978) On the applicability of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey in a different socio-cultural milieu. Archiv für Psychologie, 130, 297–311.
14.
HermansH. J. M. (1976) Handleiding bij de Prestane Motivane Test–PMT. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger
15.
HoffmanS. O.EgleU. T. (1989) Der psychogen und psychosomatisch Schmerzkranke. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 39, 193–200.
16.
LilleyC. M.CraigK. D.GrunauR. E. (1997) The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: Developmental changes in facial action. Pain, 72, 161–170.
17.
LynnR.EysenckH. J. (1961) Tolerance for pain, extraversion and neuroticism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 12, 161–162.
18.
MenetréyD. (1997) Visceral pain and gender differences in pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 459.
19.
Munafo'M. (1997) Associative learning and pain? Why stop there?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 459–460.
20.
OttoM. W.DougherM. J. (1985) Sex differences and personality factors in responsivity to pain. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 383–390.
21.
PetrieA. (1967) Individuality in pain and suffering. Chicago, IL: Univer. of Chicago Press.
22.
RileyJ. L.IIIRobinsonM. E.WiseE. A.MyersC. D.FillingimR. B. (1998) Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli: A meta-analysis. Pain, 74, 181–187.
23.
RollmanG. B. (1997) Sex differences in pain do exist: The role of biological and psychosocial factors. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 464–465.
24.
StrassbergD. S.KlingerB. I. (1972) The effect on pain tolerance of social pressure within the laboratory setting. Journal of Social Psychology, 88, 123–130.
25.
Von AuerspergA. (1963) Schmerz und Schmerzhaftigkeit. Berlin: Springer.
26.
WildeG. J. S. (1970) Neurotische labiliteit gemeteli met de vragenlijst methode. Amsterdam: Van Rossen.