A female chimpanzee's behavior was videotaped during the learning of contingency tasks and used to code her facial expressions, vocal expressions, and other behavior. The chimpanzee showed negative emotional behaviors to negative feedback and seemed to depend not only on the lack of food as reward. The most negative emotional situation for the chimpanzee seemed to be one in which she made an error.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
GoodallJ. (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard Univer. Press.
2.
LewisM. (1978) The infant and its caregiver: The role of contingency. Allied Health and Behavioral Science, 1, 469–492.
3.
LewisM.CoatesD. L. (1980) Mother-infant interactions and cognitive development in twelve-week-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 3, 95–105.
4.
LewisM.GoldbergS. (1969) Perceptual-cognitive development in infancy: A generalized expectancy model as a function of the mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 15, 81–100.
5.
SullivanM. W.LewisM. (1989) Emotion and cognition in infancy: Facial expressions during contingency learning. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 221–237.
6.
SullivanM. W.Rovee-CollierC. K.TynesD. (1979) A conditioning analysis of long-term memory in 3-month-old infants. Child Development, 50, 152–162.
7.
TomonagaM.MatsuzawaT.FujitaK.YmamotoJ. (1991) Emergence of symmetry in a visual conditional discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Psychological Reports, 68, 51–60.
8.
UzgirisI. C.HuntJ. McV. (1970) Attentional preference and experience: An exploratory longitudinal study of the effect of familiarity and responsiveness. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 117, 109–121.
9.
WatsonJ. S. (1972) Smiling, cooing, and the game. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 18, 323–329.
