Several studies involving practitioners of Karate-Do have yielded significant differences on measures of personality and affect between successful and less successful competitors, and between belt ranks. This study examined differences between first degree black-belts and higher ranking black-belts in precompetitive affect. Analysis indicated that first degree black-belts were less experienced and scored higher on precompetitive anger-hostility than higher ranking black-belts. Differences between male and female competitors were also evident.
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