Types of Leadership and Performance Norms of School Athletic Teams

Abstract

This study assessed whether the four types of leadership by team captains, based on leaders' goal achievement orientation (P-function) and group-relations orientation (M-function) designated by Misumi affected performance norms, i.e., attitudes shared among group members about how high a level of performance the group should achieve, Banzai's 1989 leadership scale, Misumi's 1985 and Patchen's 1966 performance measures (ratings by team members) were modified for a sports setting and completed by 1972 athletes who belonged to 114 school athletic teams. Analysis showed that the performance norms were highest under leaders of both goal achievement and group orientation (high on both P- and M-function), followed by Pm and pM types (high in only one of two functions) and pm type (low on both orientations). The present results indicate that types of leadership affect performance norms of school athletic teams.