The study explored the basic tenet of Neurolinguistic Programming theory, the senses through which people receive information. Visual, auditory-tonal, auditory-digital, and kinesthetic sense modalities were objectively categorized as separate modes for receiving information. The responses of 176 study participants in a film-questionnaire setting also indicated more preference for the use of auditory-tonal, auditory-digital, and kinesthetic sensory modes than the visual modality.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BandlerR.GrinderJ. (1975) The structure of magic I.Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
2.
BandlerR.GrinderJ. (1979) Frogs into princes. Moab, UT: Real People Press.
3.
BirdwhistellR. L. (1970) Kinesics and context. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
4.
Cameron-BandlerL. (1978) They lived happily ever after. Cupertino, CA: Meta.
5.
CullanL. F. (1966) Nonverbal communication in counseling: An exploratory study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Southern California.
6.
DanceF. E. X. (1972) Speech communication: Concepts and behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
7.
DavisF. (1973) Inside intuition: What we know about nonverbal communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8.
DavitzJ. R. (1964) The communication of emotional meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
9.
DayM. E. (1964) Eye-movement phenomenon relating to attention, thought, and anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19, 443–446.
10.
DelaneyD. J.HeimanR. A. (1966) Effectiveness of sensitivity training on the perception of nonverbal communication. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 13, 436–444.
11.
DunningG. B. (1971) Research in nonverbal communication. Theory into Practice, 10, 250–258.
12.
EhrlichmanH. (1984) Methodological issues in lateral eye-movement research. Symposium paper presented at the 92nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada, August.
13.
EllsworthP.CarlsmithJ. (1968) Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to dyadic interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 15–20.
14.
EllsworthP.LudwigL. M. (1972) Visual behavior in social interaction. Journal of Communication, 22, 375–403.
15.
ExlineR.EldridgeC. (1967) Effects of two patterns of a speaker's visual behavior upon the perception of the authenticity of his verbal message. Unpublished paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston.
16.
ExlineR.MessickD. (1967) The effects of dependency and social reinforcement upon visual behavior during an interview. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 256–266.
17.
GladsteinG. A. (1974) Nonverbal communication and counseling/psychotherapy: A review. Counseling Psychologist, 4. 34–57.
18.
GolemanD. (1979) People who read people. Psychology Today, 13(3), 66–78.
19.
GrinderJ.BandlerR. (1976) The structure of magic II. Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
20.
GrinderJ.DeLosierJ.BandlerR. (1977) Patterns of the hypnotic technique of Milton H. Erickson, M.D.Vols. 1 & II. Cupertino, CA: Meta.
IslandD. D. (1966) The development and analysis of categories of nonverbal behavior of counselors in filmed interviews. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Minnesota.
23.
IveyA. E. (1970) Attending behavior: The basis of counseling. School Counselor, 18, 117–120.
24.
KendonA. (1967) Some functions of gaze direction in social interaction. Acta Psychologica, 26, 22–63.
25.
KleinkeC. L.PhlenP. D. (1971) Affective and emotional responses as a function of other persons' gaze and cooperativeness in a two-person game. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 308–313.
26.
KnappM. L. (1972) Nonverbal communication in human interactions. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
27.
KnappM. L. (1980) Essentials of nonverbal communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
28.
MercierM. A.JohnsonM. (1984) Representational system predicate use and convergence in counseling: Gloria revisited. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 161–169.
29.
ShostromE. L. (1966) (Producer) Three approaches to psychotherapy. Santa Ana, CA: Psychological Films.
30.
SiegelS. (1956) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.
31.
StrongS. R.TaylorR. G.BrattonJ. C.LoperR. G. (1971) Nonverbal behavior and perceived counselor characteristics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18, 554–561.
32.
ThomasonT. C.ArbuckleT.CadyD. (1980) Test of the eye-movement hypothesis of neurolinguistic programming. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 230.
33.
WilburM.Roberts-WilburJ. (1979) Counselor educator nonverbal behavior in the supervision process. Counselor Education and Supervision, 2, 101–109.
34.
WilburM.Roberts-WilburJ. (1980) Categories of nonverbal behavior: Implications for supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 19, 197–209.
35.
WilburM.Roberts-WilburJ. (1985) Lateral eye-movement responses to visual stimuli. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 167–177.