The purpose of this study was to assess field-dependence/independence of 192 French Canadian athletes involved in a university athletic program. Field-dependence refers to one who is strongly influenced by his immediate environment, while a field-independent is individually oriented and much less influenced by environment. Analysis of variance showed that for these athletes there were no significant differences for the embedded figures test scores on age, sex, level of competition, and sports. The highest mean score of 13.86 was obtained by athletes older than 18 yr. of age.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BardC.The relation between perceptual styles and physical activities. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1972, 3, 107–113.
2.
BarrellG.TrippeH. R.Field dependence and physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 216–218.
3.
LindquistE. L.Correlation between embedded figures test and tennis rank order at three levels of skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1978, 47, 1143–1146.
4.
LoaderE. C.EdwardsS. W.HenschenK. P.Field-dependent field-independent characteristics of male and female basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1982, 55, 883–890.
5.
MacGillivaryW.The contribution of perceptual style to human performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1980, 11, 132–141.
6.
McLeodB.Dependence as a factor in sports with preponderance of open or closed skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1985, 60, 369–370.
7.
SwinnenS.Field-dependence-independence and factor in learning complex motor skills and underlying sex difference. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1984, 15, 236–249.
8.
TalbotS.GodinG.DrouinD.GouletC.Cognitive styles of young ice hockey players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1984, 59, 692–694.
9.
WilliamsJ.Perceptual style and fencing skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 40, 282.
10.
WitkinH. A.GoodenoughD. R.Cognitive styles: Essence and origins. (2nd ed.) New York: International Universities Press, 1982.
11.
WitkinH. A.GoodenoughD. R.KarpS. A.Stability of cognitive style from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 7, 291–300.
12.
WitkinH. A.MooreC. A.GoodenoughD. R.CoxP. W.Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Review of Educational Research, 1977, 47, 1–64.
