The relationship between cognitive tempo and time estimation by young boys is investigated. Emphasis is on clarifying the physiological vs learned etiology of cognitive tempo on the assumption that a predilection to cortical excitation or inhibition can be indicated through time estimation. Significant differences between 20 impulsive and 20 reflective boys (aged 8–0 to 8–11) on estimates of reproduction time and a high correlation (−.49) between impulsive boys' response times and estimates of reproduction time were noted.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlabisoF.Inhibitory functions of attention in reducing hyperactive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1972, 77, 259–282.
2.
BradleyN. C.The growth of the knowledge of time in children of school age. British Journal of Psychology, 1947, 38, 67–78.
3.
CappellaB.GentileJ. R.JulianoD. B.Time estimation by hyperactive and normal children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977, 44, 787–790.
4.
ChessS.Diagnosis and treatment of the hyperactive child. New York State Journal of Medicine, 1960, 60, 2379–2385.
5.
CohenS.Impulsivity in low-achieving and high-achieving lower class boys. (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia Univer., 1969) Dissertation Abstracts, 1970, 30, 4269A–4270A. (University Microfilms No. 70–6, 952).
6.
CoopR. H.SigelI. E.Cognitive style: implications for learning and instruction. Psychology in the Schools, 1971, 7, 152–161.
7.
EvansV. E.A typological approach to the study of individual differences in children with learning disabilities. (Doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Houston, 1970) Dissertation Abstracts International, 1971, 31, 6927B–6928B. (University Microfilms No. 71–12, 508).
8.
FraisseP.The psychology of time. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
9.
GillilandA. R.HumphreysD. W.Age, sex, method, and interval as variables in time estimation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1943, 63, 123–130.
10.
JasperH.ShagassC.Conscious time judgments related to conditioned time intervals and voluntary control of alpha rhythm. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1941, 28, 503–508.
11.
KaganJ.Reflection-impulsivity and reading ability in primary grade children. Child Development, 1965, 36, 609–628.
12.
KaganJ.MossH. A.SigelI.The psychological significance of styles of conceptualization. In WrightJ. E.KaganJ. (Eds.), Basic cognitive processes in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1963, 28, 73–112.
13.
KaganJ.PearsonL.WelchL.Modifiability of an impulsive tempo. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1966, 57, 359–365.
14.
KaganJ.RosmanB. L.DayD.AlbertJ.PhillipsW.Information processing in the child: significance of analytic and reflective attitudes. Psychological Monographs, 1964, 78, No. 1 (Whole No. 578).
15.
LauferM. W.DenhoffE.Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 1957, 50, 463–474.
16.
LevineM.SpivackG.Incentive, time conception and self-control in a group of emotionally disturbed boys. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1959, 8, 110–113.
17.
LevineM.SpivackG.FuschilloJ.TavernierA.Intelligence, and measures of inhibition and time sense. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1959, 7, 224–226.
MesserS. B.Reflection-impulsivity: a review. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 1026–1052.
20.
MillerD. T.Locus of control and the ability to tolerate gratification delay: when it is better to be an external?Journal of Research in Personality, 1978, 12, 49–56.
21.
MontareA.Discrimination learning as a function of excitation-inhibition balance. (Doctoral dissertation, Yeshiva Univer., 1970) Dissertation Abstracts International, 1971, 31, 7638B. (University Microfilms No. 71–14, 299).
22.
MontareA.Human temporal behavior and discrimination-reversal learning. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1977, 12, 232–246.
23.
OrmbJ. E.Time, experience and behavior. London: Iliffe Books, 1969.
24.
PalkesH.StewartM.KahanaB.Porteus Maze performance of hyperactive boys after training in self-directed verbal commands. Child Development, 1968, 39, 817–826.
SalkindN. J.Development of norms for the Matching Familiar Figures test. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1978, 8, No. 61 (Ms. No. 1718).
27.
SchwebelA.Effects of impulsivity on performance of verbal tasks in middle- and lower-class children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1966, 36, 13–21.
28.
SchwebelA. I.BernsteinA. J.The effects of impulsivity on the performance of lower-class children on four WISC subtests. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1970, 40, 629–636.
29.
StottD. H.Behavioral aspects of learning disabilities: assessment and remediation. Experimental Publications Systems, April, 1971, 11.
30.
SechrestL.WallaceJ.Psychology and human problems. Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1967.
31.
SechenovI. D.Selected physiological and psychological works. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publ. House, 1956.
32.
SeniorN.TowneD.HuessyH.Time estimation and hyperactivity: replication. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1979, 49, 289–290.
33.
SiegmanA. W.The relationship between future perspective, time estimation, and impulse control in a group of young offenders and in a control group. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25, 470–475.
34.
SigelI. E.JarminP.HanesianH.Styles of categorization and their intellectual and personality correlates in young children. Human Development, 1967, 10, 1–17.
35.
SmytheE. J.GoldstoneS.The time sense: a normative genetic study of the development of time perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1957, 7, 323–331.
36.
StewartM. A.PittsF. N.Jr.CraigA. G.DierufW.The hyperactive child syndrome. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1966, 36, 861–867.
37.
WoodburneL. S.The neural basis of behavior. Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1967.
38.
WoodrowH.Time perception. In StevensS. S., Handbook of experimental psychology. New York: Wiley, 1951. Pp. 1224–1236.
