Retention of visual paths was studied in two experiments using homogeneous circles presented graphically or by lights to minimize irrelevant cues that might support covert labeling. Path lengths of 3, 5, 7, and 9 nodes, and memory loads of 1, 2, and 4 paths in depth were included. In both studies, simultaneous exposure led to better recall than serial presentation, and memory proved robust with little loss between two- and four-path memory loads. Providing letter props greatly improved retention. The effects of constant versus on-then-off light exposure depended on the length of paths.
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