The incidence of and relationships among word and letter reversals in writing and Bender-Gestalt rotation errors were investigated in matched samples of 100 normal and 100 retarded readers. No significant differences in the incidence of reversal and rotation errors were found in the two groups. Word reversal was an isolated finding with low frequency, while letter reversal and Bender rotation were less isolated and more frequent. The significance of examining for such errors by elementary school children to predict reading retardation is discussed in the light of the research findings.
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