This paper reviews the research which demonstrated two intersensory differences in human time judgment: Sounds are judged longer than lights, and more information is transmitted via the judgment of auditory than visual durations. The intersensory difference in reaction time is also discussed and a theoretical schema with suggestions for future research is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AttneaveF.Applications of information theory to psychology, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1959.
2.
BeharI.BevanW.Analysis of the prime psychophysical judgment. Percept. mot. Skills, 1960, 10, 82.
3.
BeharJ.BevanW.The perceived duration of auditory and visual intervals: Cross-modal comparison and interaction. Amer. J. Psychol., 1961, 74, 17–26.
4.
BerglundB.BerglundU.EkmanG.FrankenhaeuserM.The influence of auditory stimulus intensity on apparent durationScand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 21–26.
5.
EhrensingR. H.StokesP. E.PickG. R.GoldstoneS.LhamonW. T.Effect of alcohol on auditory and visual time perception. Quart. J. Study Alcohol, 1970, 31, 851–860.
6.
FraisseP.The psychology of time. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
7.
FrankenhaeuserM.Estimation of time. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1959.
8.
GarnerW. R.Uncertainty and structure as psychological concepts. New York: Wiley, 1962.
9.
GarnerW. R.The stimulus in information processing. Amer. Psychologist, 1970, 25, 350–358.
10.
GoldfarbJ. L.Time judgment and schizophrenia: Intersensory factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Houston, 1963.
11.
GoldfarbJ. L.GoldstoneS.Properties of sound and the auditory-visual difference in time judgment. Percept. mot. Skills, 1964, 19, 606.
12.
GoldstoneS.The time sense in normal and psychopathologic states. Multilithed report of progress, U.S.P.H.S. Grant MH 01121, October, 1964. (Available from author).
13.
GoldstoneS.Production and reproduction of duration: Intersensory comparisons. Percept. mot Skills, 1968, 26, 755–760. (a)
14.
GoldstoneS.Reaction time to onset and termination of lights and sounds. Percept. mot. Skills, 1968, 27, 1023–1029. (b)
15.
GoldstoneS.The variability of temporal judgment in psychopathology. In KeitzmanM.ZubinJ. (Eds.), Objective indicators of psychopathology. New York: Academic Press, in press.
16.
GoldstoneS.BoardmanW. K.LhamonW. T.Effect of quinal barbitone, dexrroumphetamine, and placebo on apparent time. Brit. J. Psychol., 1958, 49, 324.
17.
GoldstoneS.BoardmanW. K.LhamonW. T.Intersensory comparisons of temporal judgments. J. exp. Psychol., 1959, 57, 243–248.
18.
GoldstoneS.GoldfarbJ. L.Judgment of filled and unfilled durations: Intersensory comparisons. Percept. mot. Skills, 1963, 17, 763–774.
19.
GoldstoneS.GoldfarbJ. L.Auditory and visual time judgment. J. gen. Psychol., 1964, 70, 369–387. (a)
20.
GoldstoneS.GoldfarbJ. L.Direct comparison of auditory and visual durations. J. exp. Psychol., 1964, 67, 483–485. (b)
21.
GoldstoneS.GoldfarbJ. L.The perception of time by children. In KiddA. H.RivoireJ. L. (Eds.), The development of perception in children. New York: Internat. Univer. Press, 1966. Pp. 445–486.
22.
GoldstoneS.JerniganC.LhamonW. T.BoardmanW. K.A further note on intersensory differences in temporal judgment. Perecpt. mot. Skills, 1959, 9, 252. (b)
23.
GoldstoneS.KirkhamJ. E.The effects of secobarbital and dextroamphetamine upon time judgment: Intersensory factors. Psychopharmacologia, 1968, 13, 65–73.
24.
GoldstoneS.LhamonW. T.Levels of cognitive functioning and the auditory-visual differences in human timing behavior. In AppleyM. H. (Ed.), Adaptation level theory (symposium). New York: Academic Press, 1971. Pp. 263–280.
25.
GrierJ. B.Auditory reaction time as a function of stimulus intensity and rise time. Psychon. Sci., 1966, 6, 307–308. (a)
26.
GrierJ. B.Reaction time to “tone-off.”Psychon. Sci., 1966, 5, 385–386. (b)
27.
HelsonH.Adaptation-level theory. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
28.
JohnsonH. M.Reaction time measurements. Psychol. Bull., 1923, 20, 562–589.
29.
LhamonW. T.GoldstoneS.Temporal information processing in schizophrenia. Paper read at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, Calif., May, 1970.
30.
MurdockB. B.Where or when: Modality effects as a function of temporal and spatial distribution. J. verb. Learn. & verb. Behav., 1969, 8, 378–383.
31.
NormanD. A.Memory and attention. New York: Wiley, 1969.
RutkinR.Time judgment of delinquent and neglected children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Houston, 1966.
34.
StichtT. G.Reaction time to cutaneous onset and offset stimulation. Percept. mot. Skills, 1964, 19, 611–614.
35.
StichtT. G.FoulkeE.Reaction time to electrocutaneous stimuli as a function of rise and decay time. Psychon. Sci., 1966, 4, 213–214. (a)
36.
StichtT. G.FoulkeE.Reaction time to the onset and offset of electrocutaneous stimuli as a function of rise and decay time. Percept. & Psychophysics, 1966, 1, 361–362. (b)
37.
TannerT. A.PattonR. M.AtkinsonR. C.Intermodality judgments of signal duration. Psychon. Sci., 1965, 2, 271–272.
