There does seem to be evidence that characteristics which make a patient susceptible to modeling effects also indicate that he has a good prognosis in therapy. Also, characteristics that enhance the therapist as a model tend to also relate to his being a good therapist. From the literature it is suggested that: (1) effective therapists are those who are attractive, rewarding, prestigeful, competent, powerful, believing in the possibility of change and similar to the patient; (2) characteristics of the patient which facilitate modeling are: dependency, lack of self-esteem, frequently rewarded for displaying matching responses, and emotional reactivity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BanduraA.Psychotherapy as a learning process. Psychological Bulletin, 1961, 58, 143–159.
2.
BanduraA.Social learning through imitation. In JonesM. R. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln, Neb.: Univer. of Nebraska Press. 1962. Pp. 211–269.
3.
BanduraA.HustonA. C.Identification as process of incidental learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 63, 311–318.
4.
BanduraA.RossD.RossS. A.Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 63, 575–582.
5.
BanduraA.WaltersR. H.Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1963.
6.
BerkowitzL.LundyR. M.Personality characteristics related to susceptibility to influence by peers or authority figures. Journal of Personality, 1957, 25, 306–316.
7.
BijouS. W.BaerD. M.Child development. Vol. 1. A systematic and empirical theory. New York: Appleton, 1961.
8.
de CharmsR.RosenbaumM. E.Status variables and matching behavior. Journal of Personality, 1960, 28, 492–502.
9.
FrankJ. D.Persuasion and healing. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961.
10.
GelfandD. M.The influence of self-esteem on rate of conditioning and social matching behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford Univer., 1961.
11.
GerlerW.Outcome of psychotherapy as a function of client counselor similarities. Dissertation Abstracts, 1958, 18, 1864–1865.
12.
JakubczakL. F.WaltersR. H.Suggestibility as dependency behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 59, 102–107.
13.
KaganJ.MussenP. H.Dependency themes on the TAT and group conformity. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1956, 20, 29–32.
14.
KanareffV. T.LanzettaJ. T.Effect of success-failure experience and probability of reinforcement upon the acquisition and extinction of an imitative response. Psychological Reports, 1960, 7, 151–166.
15.
KirtnerW. L.CartwrightD. S.Success and failure in client-centered therapy as a function of in-therapy behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 329–333.
16.
LanzettaJ. T.KanareffV. T.The effects of a monetary reward on the acquisition of an imitative response. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 59, 120–127.
17.
LesserG. S.AbelsonR. P.A developmental theory of persuasibility. In HovlandC. I. (Eds.), Personality and attitude change. New Haven: Yale Univer. Press, 1959. Pp. 167–189.
18.
LippittR.PolanskyN.RedlF.RosenS.The dynamics of power: A field study of social influence in groups of children. Human Relations, 1952, 5, 37–64.
19.
LorgeI.Prestige, suggestion and attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 1936, 7, 386–402.
20.
LundeF.MansfieldE.SmithJ. A.Mecholyl chloride as a prognostic test in psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1958, 127, 430–436.
21.
MaccobyE. E.Role taking in childhood and its consequences for social learning. Child Development, 1959, 30, 239–252.
22.
MausnerB.Studies in social interaction: III. Effect of variation in one partner's prestige on the interaction of observer pairs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1953, 37, 391–393.
23.
MausnerB.The effect of one partner's success in a relevant task on the interaction of observer pairs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 557–560. (a)
24.
MausnerB.The effect of prior reinforcement on the interaction of observer pairs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 65–68. (b)
25.
MausnerB.BlochB.A study of the additivity of variables affecting social interaction. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1957, 54, 250–256.
26.
MillerN. E.DollardJ.Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale Univer. Press, 1941.
27.
MussenP. H.DistlerL.Masculinity, identification and father-son relationships. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 59, 350–356.
28.
ParsonsR.Family structure and the socialization of the child. In ParsonsT.BalesR. F. (Eds.), Family socialization and interaction process. New York: Free Press, 1955. Pp. 35–131.
29.
RoethlisbergerF. J.DicksonW. J.Management and the worker. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer. Press, 1947.
30.
RossD.The relationships between dependency, intentional learning and incidental learning in preschool children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford Univer., 1962.
31.
RosenthalD.Changes in some moral values following psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1955, 19, 431–436.
32.
RosenthalR.On the social psychology of the psychological experiment. American Scientist, 1963, 51, 268–283.
33.
SchafferL.MyersJ. K.Psychotherapy and social stratification. Psychiatry, 1954, 17, 83–93.
34.
ScheinE. H.The effect of reward on adult imitative behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 389–395.
35.
SkinnerB. F.Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953.
36.
WardenC. J.FjeldH. A.KochA. M.Imitative behavior in Cebus and Rhesus monkeys. Pedagogical Seminar and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1940, 56, 311–322.
37.
WardenC. J.JacksonT. A.Imitative behavior in the Rhesus monkey. Pedagogical Seminar and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1935, 46, 103–125.
