Although most studies of E-expectancy effect have employed a person-perception task, over 40 studies have been conducted employing other tasks. In general, tasks other than the person-perception task tend to show greater effects of E expectancy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CooperJ.EisenbergL.RobertJ., & DohrenwendB. S.The effect of experimenter expectancy and preparatory effort on belief in the probable occurrence of future events. Journal of Social Psychology, 1967, 71, 221–226.
2.
CordaroL., & IsonJ. R.Observer bias in classical conditioning of the planartian. Psychological Reports, 1963, 13, 787–789.
3.
DanaJ. M., & DanaR. H.Experimenter bias or task bias?Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1969, 29, 8.
4.
HartryA.Experimenter bias in planaria conditioning. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Long Beach, April, 1966.
5.
IngrahamL. H., & HarringtonG. M.Experience of E as a variable in reducing experimenter bias. Psychological Reports, 1966, 19, 455–461.
6.
JohnsonR. W.Subject performance as affected by experimenter expectancy, sex of experimenter, and verbal reinforcement. Unpublished Master's thesis, Univer. of New Brunswick, 1967.
7.
KennedyJ. J.Experimenter bias in behavioral research. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Los Angeles, Feb., 1969.
8.
MarwitS. J.An investigation of the communication of tester-bias by means of modeling. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State Univer. of New York at Buffalo, 1968.
9.
MarwitS. J., & MarciaJ. E.Tester bias and response to projective instruments. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1967, 31, 253–258.
10.
MaslingJ.Differential indoctrination of examiners and Rorschach responses. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1965, 29, 198–201.
11.
PeelW. C.Jr.The influence of the examiner's expectancy and level of anxiety on the subject's responses to the Holtzman inkblots. Unpublished Master's thesis, Memphis State Univer., 1967.
12.
RaffettoA. M.Experimenter effects on subjects' reported hallucinatory experiences under visual and auditory deprivation. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, May, 1968.
13.
RosenthalR.Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966.
14.
RosenthalR.Interpersonal expectations. In RosenthalR. & RosnowR. L. (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research. New York: Academic Press, in press.
15.
RosenthalR., & FodeK. L.The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 1963, 8, 183–189.
16.
RosenthalR., & JacobsonL.Pygmalion in the classroom: teacher expectation and pupils' intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.
17.
RosenthalR., & LawsonR.A longitudinal study of the effects of experimenter bias on the operant learning of laboratory rats. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1964, 2, 61–72.
18.
RosenthalR.PersingerG. W.Vikan-KlineL., & FodeK. L.The effect of experimenter outcome-bias and subject set on awareness in verbal conditioning experiments. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1963, 2, 275–283.
19.
SilvermanI.The effects of experimenter outcome expectancy on latency of word association. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1968, 24, 60–63.
20.
TimaeusE., & LueckH. E.Experimenter expectancy and social facilitation: I. Aggression under coaction. Psychological Reports, 1968, 23, 456–458.
21.
WesslerR. L.Experimenter expectancy effects in psychomotor performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1968, 26, 911–917.
22.
ZobleE. J., & LehmanR. S.Interaction of subject and experimenter expectancy effects in a tone length discrimination task. Behavioral Science, in press.