Caimans (Caiman sclerops) and toads (Bufo marinus) were trained to escape shock in a T-maze with either spatial cues or confounded spatial and brightness cues relevant. The caimans learned the spatial discrimination as easily as they learned the confounded problem, but the toads took significantly longer to learn the spatial problem than to learn the confounded problem. The over-all performance of the caimans was much more efficient than that of the toads.
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