Several pseudokinetic effects were obtained under various conditions of a moving frame which was a white rectangle that continually lengthened and shortened. In the center was a black stationary line. When the line was co-oriented with the rectangle, alpha motion occurred at 1.7 cps of the frame; when the line was perpendicular to the frame's movement, two other phenomena were noted: (a) the line changed in both length and thickness, and (b) the frame changed in shape (“bow-tie” effect). The findings led to a revision of the original area theory, toward a conception which included a factor of line-to-frame orientation.
