In the present study, effects of using precues of the goalkeeper's movements during a penalty kick on the penalty taker's response time and rate of success when selecting the points at which shots were taken were evaluated. 20 male players included 10 expert players (M = 25.7 yr., SD = 4.2 yr.) and 10 novices (M = 22.1 yr., SD = 2.5 yr.), whose response time, decision making, and foveal vision in a simulated penalty kick task were evaluated. Analysis showed greater decrease in response time for the expert group (102 msec.) than for the novice one (47 msec). Mean response time was 172 msec. for experts and 189 msec. for novices. The rate of success (i.e., shooting at the side opposite to the goalkeeper's movement) increased from an initial rate of 58% for both groups to 91.3% in the Expert group and 90.7% in the Novice group. Anticipation of both groups improved with explicit knowledge of precues.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbernethyB.ThomasK. T., & ThomasJ. T. (1993) Strategies for improving understanding in motor expertise (or mistakes we have made and things we have learned). In StarkesJ. L. & AllardF. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise.Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 317–356.
2.
AdamsJ. J., & WilbergR. B. (1992) Individual differences in visual information processing rate and the prediction of performance differences in team sports: A preliminary investigation. journal of Sport Sciences, 10, 261–273.
3.
BahillA. T., & LaRitzT (1984) Why can't batters keep their eyes on the ball?American Scientist, 72, 249–253.
4.
DeJongR.ColesM. D. H.LoganG. D., & GrattonG. (1990) In search of the point of no return: The control of response processes, journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 164–182.
5.
HelsenW., & PauwelsJ. M. (1993) The relationship between expertise and visual information processing in sport. In StarkesJ. L. & AllardF. (Eds.), Cognitive issues in motor expertise.Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 109–134.
6.
IglesiasD.MorenoL. A.RamosL. A.FuentesJ. P.JulianJ. A., & Del VillarF. (2002) Un modelo para el análisis de los procesos cognitivos implicados en la toma de decisiones en déportes colectivos. Revista de Entrenamiento Deportivo, 16, 9–14.
7.
JonesP.JamesN., & MellalieuS. (2003) Use of anticipatory cues during a soccer dribble by skilled and novice players. Journal of Sport Science, 21, 351–352.
8.
LenoirM.CrevitsL.GoethalsM.WildenbeestJ. Y., & MuschE. (2000) Are better movements an advantage in ball games? A study of prosaccadic and antisaccadic eye movements. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 546–552.
9.
McGarryT., & FranksI. M. (1996) On-line control of a speeded motor response. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 636–638.
10.
McMorrlsT.CopemanR.CorcoranD.SaundersG., & PotterS. (1993) Anticipation of soccer goalkeepers facing penalty kicks. In ReillyT.ClarysJ., & StibbeA. (Eds.), Science and football II. London: E & FN Spon. Pp. 250–253.
11.
MoryaE.RanvaudR., & MachadoW. (2003) Dynamics of visual feedback in a laboratory situation of a penalty kick. Journal of Sport Science, 21, 87–95.
12.
MoryaE.RanvaudR., & PinheuroW. M. (2001) The point of no return in a simulated penalty kick situation. In PapaioannouA.GoudasM., & TheoradakisY. (Eds.), International Society of Sport Psychology: Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology.Thessaloniki, Greece: Christodoulidi. Pp. 75–77.
13.
NúñezF. J.OnaA.BilbaoA., & RayaA. (2005) Anticipation in soccer goalkeepers during penalty kicking. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 36, 284–298.
14.
RipollH. (1991) The understanding-acting process in sport: The relationship between the semantic and sensoriomotor visual function. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 221–243.
15.
SavelsberghG. J. P.WilliamsA. M.Van Der KampJ., & WardP. (2002) Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 279–287.
16.
StarkesJ. L., & AllardF. (1993) Cognitive issues in motor expertise.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
17.
Van Der KampJ. (2006) A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: Late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. Journal of Sport Science, 24, 467–477.
18.
WardP.WilliamsA. M., & BennettS. (2002) Visual search and biological perception in tennis. Research Quarterly for Sport and Exercise, 73, 107–112.
19.
WickensC. D. (1992) Engineering psychology and human performance. (2nd ed.) New York: HarperCollins.
20.
WilliamsA. M., & BurwirtzL. (1993) Advance cue utilization in soccer. In ReillyT.ClarysJ., & StibbeA. (Eds.), Science and football II. London: E & FN Spon. Pp. 239–244.
21.
WilliamsA. M., & DavidsK. (1998) Visual search strategy, selective attention and expertise in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 111–129.
22.
WilliamsA. M.DavidsK., & WilliamsJ. G. (1999) Visual perception and action in sport.London: E & FN Spon.
23.
WilliamsA. M.WardP.KnowlesJ. M., & SmeetonN. J. (2002) Anticipation in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 259–270.
