Teacher-Initiated Motivational Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire in an Italian Sample

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to translate and adapt in the Italian language a questionnaire that could effectively assess perceived motivational climate in physical education. An Italian version of the Teacher-initiated Motivational Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire proposed by Papaioannou (1998) was administered to 1,681 young students, 840 girls and 841 boys, ages 11 to 14 years. Data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis to assess the goodness of fit of the expected two-factor solution constituted by a Mastery Climate scale (six items) and a Performance Climate scale (six items). A good fit was indicated between the observed data and theoretical model and supported the two-dimensional structure of the test. In the total sample, the Mastery factor accounted for 33.6% of the variance and the Performance factor accounted for 15.4%. Cronbach α of the Mastery and Performance scales were .79 and .70, respectively.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ames

(1992) Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261ndash;271.

Biddle

Cury

Goudas

Sarrazin

Famose

J. P.

Durand

(1995) Development of scales to measure perceived physical education class climate: A cross-national project. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 341ndash;358.

Biddle

S. J. H.

(2001) Enhancing motivation in physical education. In Roberts

G. C.

(Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Pp. 101–127.

Bollen

K. A.

(1989) Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

Bortoli

Robazza

(2005) Italian version of the Task and Ego Orientations in Physical Education Questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 101, 901ndash;910.

Duda

J. L.

Whitehead

(1998) Measurement of goal perspectives in the physical domain. In Duda

J. L.

(Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. Pp. 21–48.

Dweck

C. S.

(1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040ndash;1048.

Goudas

Biddle

(1994) Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 9, 241ndash;250.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1ndash;55.

10.

Kelloway

E. K.

(1998) Using LISREL for structural equation modeling: A researcher's guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

11.

Nicholls

J. G.

(1984) Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328ndash;346.

12.

Nicholls

J. G.

(1992) The general and the specific in the development and expression of achievement motivation. In Roberts

G. C.

(Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Pp. 31–56.

13.

Ntoumanis

Biddle

(1998) The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 176ndash;187.

14.

Ntoumanis

Biddle

S. J. H.

(1999) A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 643ndash;665.

15.

Papaioannou

(1994) Development of a questionnaire to measure achievement orientations in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 11ndash;20.

16.

Papaioannou

(1997) Perceptions of motivational climate, perceived competence, and motivation of students of varying age and sport experience. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 419ndash;430.

17.

Papaioannou

(1998) Students' perceptions of the physical education class environment for boys and girls and the perceived motivational climate. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 267ndash;275.

18.

Papaioannou

Kouli

(1999) The effect of task structure, perceived motivational climate and goal orientations on students' task involvement and anxiety. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 51ndash;71.

19.

Steiger

J. H.

(1990) Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173ndash;180.

20.

Treasure

D. C.

(2001) Enhancing young people's motivation in youth sport: An achievement goal approach. In Roberts

G. C.

(Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Pp. 79–100.

21.

Walling

M. D.

Duda

J. L.

Chi

(1993) The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 172ndash;183.