This meta-analysis was conducted to generate normative values for the 5-repetition sit-to-stand (STS) test suitable for application to individuals at least 60 years of age. A thorough review of the literature yielded 13 papers (14 studies) relevant to this purpose. After the exclusion of potentially unrepresentative data, meta-analysis of these 13 papers indicated that judgments about normal performance should be based on age. Analysis demonstrated that individuals with times for 5 repetitions of this test exceeding the following can be considered to have worse than average performance: 11.4 sec (60 to 69 years), 12.6 sec. (70 to 79 years), and 14.8 sec. (80 to 89 years).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AoyagiK.RossP. D.NevittM. C.DavisJ. W.WasnichR. D.HayashiT., & TakemotoT-I. (2001) Comparison of performance-based measures among native Japanese, Japanese-Americans in Hawaii and Caucasian women in the United States, ages 65 years and over: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 1, 3.
2.
BohannonR. W. (1998) Alternatives for measuring knee extension strength of the elderly at home. Clinical Rehabilitation, 12, 434–440.
3.
BohannonR. W.SmithJ.HullD.PalmeriD., & BarnhardR. (1995) Deficits in lower extremity muscle and gait performance among renal transplant candidates. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76, 547–551.
4.
CsukaM., & McCartyJ. D. (1985) Simple method for measurement of lower extremity muscle strength. American Journal of Medicine, 78, 77–81.
5.
De RekeneireN.ResnickH. E.SchwartzA. V.ShorrR. I.KullerL. H.SimonsickE. M.VellasB., & HarrisT. B. (2003) Diabetes is associated with subclinical functional limitation in nondisabled older individuals. Diabetes Care, 26, 3257–3263.
6.
EriksrudO., & BohannonR. W. (2003) Relationship of knee extension force to sit to stand performance in patients receiving acute rehabilitation. Physical Therapy, 83, 544–551.
7.
FoxK. M.FlesenthalG.HebelJ. R.ZimmermanS. I., & MagazinerJ. (1996) A portable neuromuscular function assessment for studying recovery from hip fracture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 171–175.
8.
GreendaleG. A.SalemG. J.YoungJ. T.DamesynM.MarionM.WangM. Y., & ReubenD. B. (2000) A randomized trial of weighted vest use in ambulatory older adulls: strength, performance, and quality of life outcomes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 305–311.
9.
GuralnikJ. M.FriedL. P.SimonsickE. M.KasperJ. D., & LaffertyM. E., (Eds.) (1995) The Women's Health and Aging Study: health and social characteristics of older women with disability. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Aging. (NIH Pub No 95-4009)
10.
GuralnikJ. M.SimonsickE. M.FerrucciL.GlynnR. J.BerkmanL. E.BlazerD. C.ScherrP. A., & WallaceR. B. (1994) A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M85–M94.
11.
HenwoodT. R., & TaaffeD. R. (2005) Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking a short-term programme of high-velocity resistance training. Gerontology, 51, 108–115.
12.
JetteA. M.JetteD. U.NgJ.PlotkinD. J., & BachM. A. (1999) Are performance-based measures sufficiently reliable for use in multicenter trials?Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 54A, M3–M6.
13.
JonesC. J.RikliR. E., & BeamW. C. (1999) A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Research Quarterly, 70, 113–119.
14.
LindseyC.BrownbillR. A.BohannonR. W., & IlichJ. Z. (2005) Association of physical performance measures with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86, 1102–1107.
15.
LordS. R.MurrayS. M.ChapmanK.MunroB., & TiedermannA. (2002) Sit-to-stand performance depends on sensation, speed, balance, and psychological status in addition to strength in older people. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A, M539–M543.
16.
LusardiM. M.PellecchiaG. L., & SchulmanM. (2003) Functional performance in community living older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 26, 14–22.
17.
McCarthyE. K.HorvatM. A.HoltsbergP. A., & WisenbakerJ. M. (2004) Repeated chair stands as a measure of lower limb strength in sexagenarian women. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 59A, 1207–1212.
18.
MelzerD.LanT-Z.TomB. D. M.DeegD. J. H., & GuralnikJ. (2004) Variation in thresholds for reporting mobility between national population subgroups and studies. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 59A, 1295–1303.
19.
MurphyM. A.OlsonS. L.ProtasE. J., & OverbyA. R. (2003) Screening for falls in community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 11, 66–80.
20.
OstchegaY.HarrisT. B.HirschR.ParsonsV. L.KingtonR., & KatzoffM. (2000) Reliability and prevalence of physical performance examination assessing mobility and balance in older persons in the US: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 1136–1141.
21.
RothsteinJ. M., & EchternachJ. L. (1993) Primer on measurement: an introductory guide to measurement issues. Fairfax, VA: American Physical Therapy Association.
22.
SchaubertK., & BohannonR. W. (2005) Reliability and validity of three strength measures obtained from community-dwelling elders. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19, 717–720.
23.
SchenkmanM.HughesM. A.SamsaG., & StudenskiS. (1996) The relative importance of strength and balance in chair rise by functionally impaired older individuals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 1441–1446.
24.
SchlichtJ.CamaioneD. N., & OwenS. V. (2001) Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 56A, M281–M286.
25.
SeemanT. E.CharpentierP. A.BerkmanL. F.TinettiM. E.GuralnikJ. M.AlbertM.BlazerD., & RoweJ. W. (1994) Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M97–M108.
