This study was designed to assess how bicyclists (30 men, 30 women) responded to right-turning motorised vehicles, which is a risky situation for bicyclists, and employed a scenario in which a motorcycle made a right turn in front of a bicyclist. The factors of speed difference and cut-in time gap were generated to objectively investigate steering control, speed, and the associated collisions in a bicycle simulator. There was no effect for sex, but as expected, for shorter cut-in time gaps, the steering angles were smaller (deflected to the right to avoid the passing motorcycle), the speeds were lower, and the variations in the steering angle and speed were larger. Variations in the steering angle and speed were unexpectedly lower for larger speed differences than for smaller speed differences. Response patterns comprised 5 patterns: early response and quickly depress the brake, last-moment response and slowly depress the brake, late response and quickly depress the brake, very late response and quickly depress the brake, and no response. Larger speed differences and the no-response pattern resulted in two collisions. Individuals with less experience may not have associated speed differences with potential dangers.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1999) Guide for the development of bicycle facilities. (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
2.
Aultman-HallL.KalteneckerM.G. (1999) Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31, 675–686.
3.
BélangerA.GagnonS.YaminS. (2010) Capturing the serial nature of older drivers' responses towards challenging events: A simulator study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(3), 809–817.
4.
CoelloY.RichaudS.MagneP.RossettiY. (2003) Vision for spatial perception and vision for action: A dissociation between the left-right and near-far dimensions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 622–633.
5.
CohenJ. (1977) Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences. (Rev. ed.) New York: Academic Press.
6.
DeeryH. A. (1999) Hazard and risk perception among young novice drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 30(4), 225–236.
7.
DeLuciaP. R. (1991) Pictorial and motion-based information for depth perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 738–748.
8.
DeLuciaP. R.WarrenR. (1994) Pictorial and motion-based depth information during active control of self-motion: Size-arrival effects on collision avoidance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 783–798.
9.
Eilert-PeterssonE.SchelpL. (1997) An epidemiological study of bicycle-related injuries. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29(3), 363–372.
10.
EvansL. (1991) Traffic safety and the driver. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Pp. 118–121.
11.
EverettS. A.ShultsR. A.BarriosL. C.SacksJ. J.LowryR.OeltmannJ. (2001) Trends and subgroup differences in transportation-related injury risk and safety behaviors among high school students, 1991–1997. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 228–234.
12.
FittsP. M.PosnerM. I. (1967) Human performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
13.
GeesamanB. J.QianN. (1998) The effect of complex motion pattern on speed perception. Vision Research, 38 (9), 1223–1231.
14.
GugertyL. J. (1997) Situation awareness during driving: Explicit and implicit knowledge in dynamic spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(1), 42–66.
15.
HoffmannE. R.MortimerR. G. (1996) Scaling of relative velocity between vehicles. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 28(4), 415–421.
16.
HorreyW. J.WickensC. D.ConsalusK. P. (2006) Modeling drivers' visual attention allocation while interacting with in-vehicle technologies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(2), 67–78.
17.
KarkhanehM.NaghaviM.RoweB. H.HagelB. E.JafariN.SaundersD. (2008) Epidemiology of bicycle injuries in 13 health divisions, Islamic Republic of Iran 2003. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 192–199.
18.
KingmaJ. (1994) The aetiology of bicycle accidents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 1193–1194.
19.
LajunenT.KarolaJ.SummalaH. (1997) Speed and acceleration as measures of driving style in young male drivers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 3–16.
20.
LeeJ. D.McGeheeD. V.BrownT. L.ReyesM. L. (2002) Collision warning timing, driver distraction, and driver response to imminent rear-end collisions in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Human Factors, 44, 314–334.
21.
LinC. Y.HsuC. C. (2010) Measurement of auditory cues in drivers' distraction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111, 503–516.
22.
LiuW. C.DoongJ. L.TsaiS. L.LaiC. H.JengM. C. (2009) Integrated model of simulated occupant injury risk and real medical costs. Journal of Safety Research, 40, 461–468.
23.
McKnightA. J.McKnightA. S. (2003) Young novice drivers: Careless or clueless?Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 921–925.
24.
MeratN.AnttilaV.LuomaJ. (2005) Comparing the driving performance of average and older drivers: The effect of surrogate in-vehicle information systems. Transportation Research Part F, 8,147–166.
25.
MichonJ. A. (1984) A critical view of driver behavior models: What do we know, what should we do? In Proceedings of the General Motors Symposium, September 23–25, 1984. Warren, MI: GM Research Laboratories, Pp. 485–520.
26.
MøllerM.HelsT. (2008) Cyclists' perception of risk in roundabouts. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 1055–1062.
27.
OlsonP. L.SivakM. (1986) Perception-response time to unexpected roadway hazard. Human Factors, 28, 91–96.
28.
ParkinJ.WardmanM.PageM. (2007) Models of perceived cycling risk and route acceptability. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 364–371.
29.
PlumertJ. M.KearneyJ. K.CremerJ. F.ReckerK. M.StruttJ. (2011) Changes in children's perception-action tuning over short time scales: Bicycling across traffic-filled intersections in a virtual environment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 322–337.
30.
RäsänenM.SummalaH. (1998) Attention and expectation problems in bicycle–car collisions: An in-depth study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30, 657–666.
31.
ReganD.GrayR. (2000) Visually guided collision avoidance and collision achievement. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (3), 99–107.
32.
RodgersG. (2000) Bicycle and bicycle helmet use patterns in the United States in 1998. Journal of Safety Research, 31, 149–158.
33.
StuttsJ. C.HunterW. W. (1999) Motor vehicle and roadway factors in pedestrian and bicyclist injuries: An examination based on emergency department data. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31, 505–514.
SummalaH.PasanenE.RäsänenM.SievänenJ. (1996) Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right turns. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 28(2), 147–153.
36.
TaylorD. B. (1993) Analysis of traffic signal clearance interval requirements for bicycle-automobile mixed traffic. Transportation Research Record, 1405, 13–20.
37.
Van Der HulstM.MeijmanT.RothengatterT. (1999) Anticipation and the adaptive control of safety margins in driving. Ergonomics, 42(2), 336–345.
38.
VeistenK.SæensmindeK.AlværK.BjørnskauT.ElvikR.SchistadT.YtterstadB. (2007) Total costs of bicycle injuries in Norway: Correcting injury figures and indicating data needs. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 1162–1169.
39.
WelandeG.EkmanR.SvanstromL.SchelpL.KarlssonA. (1999) Bicycle injuries in Western Sweden: A comparison between counties. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31, 13–19.
WickensC. D.McCarleyJ. S.AlexanderA. L.ThomasL. C.AmbinderM. S.ZhengX. S. (2007) Attention-situation awareness (A–SA) model of pilot error. In FoyleD.HooeyB. (Ed.), Human Performance Modeling in Aviation. London: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
