During the 1975–1976 academic year, student response data was saved for a group of 17 freshman music majors as they worked through 15 units of harmonic dictation exercises delivered on the University of Delaware's GUIDO system. Analysis of the student data base led to the identification of seven confusion tendencies that affect the perception of harmonies: bass line confusions, confusions of inversion, confusions of chord function, confusions of chord quality, unperceived sevenths, unperceived roots, and favorite response confusions. The level of student achievement on individual harmonies was found to be highly correlated with the percentage of times these harmonies were asked in the curriculum.
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Hofstetter, Fred T.“GUIDO: An Interactive Computer-Based System for Improvement of Instruction and Research in Ear Training.”Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, Vol. 1, 1975, pp. 100–106.
