Sexual Harassment: Labor Relations by other Means

MacKinnon C.A. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

For example, see the results of a “sexual harrassment quiz” in The Boston Globe, October 24, 1991, pp. 73, 76–77.

Newsweek, October 21, 1991, p. 28, publishes a chart quoting 704 Newsweek/Gallup poll respondents who were the subjects of telephone interviews conducted October 10–11, 1991. This chart shows that 27 percent of women and 17 percent of men believed Hill's charges while 36 percent of women and 42 percent of men were undecided about them.

Patterson O. “Race, Gender and Liberal Fallacies,” The New York Times, October 20, 1991, IV/2.

Ryan C. Prime Time Activism, Boston: South End Press, 1992.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 29CFR Part 1604: Discrimination Because of Sex under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as Amended; Adoption of Final Interpretive Guidelines. Washington D.C.: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

For an application of this perspective to sexual harassment, see Paludi M. and Barickman R. Academic and Workplace Sexual Harassment: A Resource Manual, Albany: SUNY Press, 1991, especially pp. 61–63.

There is an extensive literature both on the patterns (some of them unrecognized by the participants) and the premeditation common to various forms of violence against women. For an early analysis of domestic violence, see Dobash R.E. and Dobash R. Violence Against Wives, New York Free Press, 1983. A more recent work by Yllo K. and Bogard M. Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse, California: Sage Publications, 1988, emphasizes such patterns in marital rape. Groth A.N. Men Who Rape, New York: Plenum, 1978, reports on “rape rehearsals” by rapists. Finally, Brodsky C. “Rape at Work” in Walker M. and Brodsky S. (eds.) Sexual Assault, Boston: Lexington Books, 1976, discusses the patterns and consequences of workplace rape.

Zorza Joan , National Center for Women and Family Law, speech to the Domestic Violence Advisory Council, Boston, Mass, March, 1991.

Buel Sarah , Domestic Violence Advisory Council, Boston, Mass. Training Film #3.

Reports of sexual harassment are embedded in virtually all accounts of working womens' lives. See, for example, Blewett M. We Will Rise in Our Might, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991; Griffin C. Typical Girls, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985; Hochschild A. R. The Managed Heart, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983; Milkman R. (ed.) Women, Work and Protest, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985; Spradley J. and Mann B. The Cocktail Waitress, New York: Wiley, 1975.

These results are reported by the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board from its 1981 survey: Sexual Harassment in the Federal Workplace: Is It a Problem? Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, and again in its 1988 survey: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Update, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Bureau of National Affairs , “Illinois Task Force on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Survey,” Sexual Harassment and Labor Relations: A Special Report, p. 29ff. Washington D.C.: BNA, 1981.

A survey undertaken by the National Law Journal found that 60 percent of the 900 women in the top 250 law firms in the country had experienced workplace sexual harassment. Reported in The New York Times, October 13, 1991, A28/3. An excellent summary of surveys of sexual harassment in a variety of workplaces is provided in Riger S. “Gender Dilemmas in Sexual Harassment Policies and Procedures,” American Psychologist, 1991 46 (5): 497–505.

Schlozman K. “Sexual Harassment of Students: What I Learned in the Library,” PS: Political Science and Politics, June 1991: 236–239.

The New York Times, October 13, 1991, Forum 13/8.

Working Women's Institute . “Results of a Survey on Gender Bias and Sexual Harassment in the FAA, Eastern Region,” New York: Mimeo, 1985 and “Sexual Harassment on the Job: Questions and Answers,” New York: Mimeo, 1986.

The New York Times, October 13, 1991, Forum 13/8.

This is a widely used classification, begun by MacKinnon in 1979 (see note 1). It is used to organize data by Martin S.E. “Sexual Harassment: The Link between Gender Stratification, Sexuality and Women's Economic Status,” pp. 54–69 in Freeman J. (ed.) Women, 4th edition, New York: Mayfield Publishers, 1989; and by Crull P. “Searching for the Causes of Sexual Harassment: An Examination of Two Prototypes,” pp. 225–244 in Bose C. Feldberg R. , and Sokoloff N. Hidden Aspects of Women's Work, New York: Praeger, 1987.

Crull P. , op. cit.

Kaskinsky R. “Sexual Harassment: A Health Hazard for Women,” New Solutions, 1992, 2(3): 74–83.

Bureau of National Affairs, op. cit.

Schlafly P. “Testimony before the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee,” April 4, 1981, reported in the Bureau of National Affairs, op.cit, p. 51 ff.

MacKinnon C.A. Feminism Unmodified, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Edwards R.C. Contested Terrain, New York: Basic Books, 1979.

Mowry J. “A Reconsideration of Union Effects on Safety Levels and Compensating Wage Differentials for Job Hazards,” Working Paper, Middlebury College, 1991.

Burawoy M. Manufacturing Consent, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Flacks R. Making History, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

Halle D. America's Working Man, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Rustad M. Women in Khaki, New York Praeger, 1982.

Willis P. Learning to Labor, New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.

United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics , “Employed Persons by Occupation, Sex, and Age,” as reported in World Almanac and Book of Facts, New York: Pharos Books, 1992, p. 169.

Bureau of National Affairs, op. cit. p. 11 sumarizes the case of the EEOC vs. Sage Realty Corp., in which the EEOC ruled that Sage's requirement that female door attendants wear revealing costumes constituted sexual harassment within the EEOC guidelines.

The New York Times, October 18, 1991, A12/1.

The New York Times, October 13, 1991, Forum 28/3; Schneider B. “Put Up or Shut Up: Workplace Sexual Assaults,” Gender and Society, 1991, 5(4): 533–548.

Ferree M. M. “Between Two Worlds: German Feminist Approaches to Working Class Women and Work,” Signs, 1985 10(3): 517–536.

Wilmot P and Young M. The Symmetrical Family, New York: Pantheon, 1973.

Spangler E. Lawyers for Hire, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986, discusses the “speed-up” to which staff attorneys are subjected in a variety of work settings. Their employers demand both more billable hours per year and more years of service before staff attorneys can become eligible for partnerships or other privileges.

Numerous studies document the role of wives in their husband's career success: Fowlkes M. Behind Every Successful Man, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980; Gerber L. Married to Their Careers, London: Tavistock, 1983; Hunt L and Hunt J. “The Dualities of Careers and Families,” Social Problems 1982 29(5): 500–510; Ostrander S. Women of the Upper Class, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.

Coser L. Greedy Institutions, New York: Free Press, 1974.

The possibility of such a conjunction between the growing number of professional women and growing challenges to the number of work hours is suggested by the appearance of two articles in the pages of this journal in the last year: Brandt B. . “Less Time for Our Jobs, More Time for Ourselves,” New Solutions, 1991, 2(1): 50–65; and, Quinn M. and Buiatti E. “Women, Time, Stress and Work: A Proposal from Italy,” New Solutions, 1991, 1(3): 48–56.

For the difficulties associated with changing sex ratios within an occupation, see, for example, Davies M. “Women's Place is at the Typewriter The Feminization of the Clerical Labor Force,” Radical America, 1974 8(4)128; Epstein C. F. Women in Law, New York: Basic Books, 1981 and Walsh M. R. Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

Epstein , op.cit., and Morello B. The Invisible Bar: The Woman Lawyer in America, 1638 to the Present, New York: Random House, 1986.

Kasinsky , op. cit., is a valuable beginning in this endeavor.