The impact of methodological changes on gerontology is illustrated by discussing the example of the age-cohort-period problem as an innovation in research design, and examining the case of confirmatory factor analysis as an illustration of how methodological innovation informs theory.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
RiegelK. F., Psychology of Development and HistoryPlenum, New York, 1976.
2.
CliffN., What Is and Isn't Measurement, in Statistical and Methodological Issues in Psychology and Social Science Research, KerenG. (ed.), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1982.
3.
CampbellD. T. and StanleyJ. C., Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research in Teaching, in Handbook of Research on Teaching, GageN. L. (ed.), Rand McNally, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 171–246, 1963.
4.
CookT. C. and CampbellD. T., Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field SettingsRand-McNally, Chicago, Illinois, 1979.
5.
SchaieK. W., Quasi-experimental Designs in the Psychology of Aging, in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, BirrenJ. E. and SchaieK. W. (eds.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 39–58, 1977.
6.
SchaieK. W., External Validity in the Assessment of Intellectual Development in Adulthood, Journal of Gerontology, 33, pp. 695–701, 1978.
7.
SchaieK. W., Internal Validity Threats in Studies of Adult Cognitive Development, in Cognitive Development in Adulthood: Progress in Cognitive Development Research, HoweM. L. and BrainerdC. J. (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 241–272, 1988.
8.
RileyM. W.JohnsonM. J., and FonerA., Aging and Society: Vol. 3: A Sociology of Age StratificationRussell Sage, New York, 1972.
9.
SchaieK. W., A General Model for the Study of Developmental Problems, Psychological Bulletin, 64, pp. 91–107, 1965.
10.
JöreskogK. G., Statistical Estimation of Structural Models in Longitudinal Developmental Investigations, in Longitudinal Research in the Study of Behavior and Development, NesselroadeJ. R. and BaltesP. B. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 303–305, 1979.
11.
AllisonP. D., Event History Analysis: Regression for Longitudinal Event DataSage, Beverly Hills, California, 1984.
12.
SchaieK. W., The Hazards of Cognitive Aging, Gerontologist, 29, pp. 484–493, 1989.
13.
MasonK. G.MasonW. H.WinsboroughH. H., and PooleW. K., Some Methodological Problems in Cohort Analyses of Archival Data, American Sociological Review, 38, pp. 242–258, 1973.
14.
PalmoreE. B., When Can Age, Period, and Cohort be Separated?, Social Forces, 57, pp. 282–295, 1978.
15.
RyderN. B., The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change, American Review of Sociology, 30, pp. 843–861, 1965.
16.
SchaieK. W., Methodological Problems in Descriptive Developmental Research on Adulthood and Aging, in Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Methodological Issues, NesselroadeJ. R. and ReeseH. W. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 253–280, 1973.
17.
SchaieK. W., Historical Time and Cohort Effects, in Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Historical and Generational Effects, McCloskeyK. A. and ReeseH. W. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–15, 1984.
18.
SchaieK. W., Beyond Calendar Definitions of Age, Time and Cohort: The General Developmental Model Revisited, Developmental Review, 6, pp. 252–277, 1986.
19.
SchaieK. W., The Impact of Research Methodology on Theory-Building in the Developmental Sciences, in Emergent Theories of Aging, BirrenJ. E. and BengtsonV. L. (eds.), Springer, New York, pp. 41–58, 1988.
20.
SchaieK. W. and StrotherC. R., The Cross-Sequential Study of Age Changes in Cognitive Behavior, Psychological Bulletin, 70, pp. 671–680, 1968.
21.
SchaieK. W., The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A Twenty-one Year Exploration of Psychometric Intelligence in Adulthood, in Longitudinal Studies of Adult Psychological Development, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 64–135, 1983.
22.
SchaieK. W. and WillisS. L., Adult Development and Aging, (3rd Edition), Harper Collins, New York, 1991.
23.
BaltesP. B.CorneliusS. W., and NesselroadeJ. R., Cohort Effects in Developmental Psychology, in Longitudinal Research in the Study of Behavior and Development, NesselroadeJ. R. and BaltesP. B. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 61–87, 1979.
24.
SchaieK. W. and BaltesP. B., On Sequential Strategies in Developmental Research: Description or Explanation?Human Development, 18, pp. 384–390, 1975.
25.
BaltesP. B., Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Sequences in the Study of Age and Generation Effects, Human Development, 11, pp. 145–171, 1968.
26.
BussA. R., Methodological Issues in Life-Span Developmental Psychology from a Dialectical Perspective, International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 10, pp. 121–163, 1979/1980.
27.
GeorgeL. K.SieglerI. C., and OkunM. A., Separating Age, Cohort, and Time of Measurement: Analysis of Variance and Multiple Regression, Experimental Aging Research, 7, pp. 297–314, 1981.
28.
HornJ. L. and McArdleJ. J., Perspectives on Mathematical-Statistical Model Building (MASMOB) in Research on Aging, in Aging in the 1980s, PoonL. F. (ed.), American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., pp. 503–541, 1980.
29.
WinsboroughH. H.DuncanO. D., and ReadP. B., Cohort Analysis in Social ResearchAcademic Press, New York, 1983.
30.
FeathermanD. L., Individual Development and Aging as a Population Process, in Individual Development and Social Change: Explanatory Analysis, NesselroadeJ. R. and von EyeA. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1985.
31.
SlifeB. D., Psychology's Reliance on Linear Time: A Reformulation, Journal of Mind and Behavior, 2, pp. 27–46, 1981.
32.
NesselroadeJ. R., Sampling and Generalizability: Adult Development and Aging Research Examined within the General Methodological Framework of Selection, in Methodological Issues in Aging Research, SchaieK. W.CampbellR. T.MeredithW., and RawlingsS. C. (eds.), Springer, New York, pp. 13–42, 1988.
33.
DixonR. A.KramerD. A., and BaltesP. B., Intelligence: A Life-Span Developmental Perspective, in Handbook of Intelligence: Theories, Measurements, and Applications, WolmanB. B. (ed.), Wiley, New York, pp. 301–350, 1985.
34.
CunninghamW. R. and BirrenJ. E., Age Changes in the Factor Structure of Intellectual Abilities in Adulthood and Old Age, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, pp. 271–290, 1980.
35.
HertzogC. and SchaieK. W., Stability and Change in Adult Intelligence: I. Analysis of Longitudinal Covariance Structures, Psychology and Aging, 1, pp. 159–171, 1986.
36.
SchaieK. W. and HertzogC., Measurement in the Psychology of Adulthood and Aging, in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, (2nd Edition), BirrenJ. E. and SchaieK. W. (eds.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 61–92, 1985.
37.
SchaieK. W. and HertzogC., Toward a Comprehensive Model of Adult Intellectual Development: Contributions of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, in Advances in Human Intelligence, Vol. 3, SternbergR. J. (ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 79–118, 1986.
38.
SchaieK. W.WillisS. L.HertzogC., and SchulenbergJ. E., Effects of Cognitive Training upon Primary Mental Ability Structure, Psychology and Aging, 2, pp. 233–242, 1987.
39.
SchaieK. W.WillisS. L.JayG., and ChipuerH., Structural Invariance of Cognitive Abilities across the Adult Life Span: A Cross-Sectional Study, Developmental Psychology, 25, pp. 652–662, 1989.
40.
JöreskogK. G., Simultaneous Factor Analysis in Several Populations, Psychometrika, 36, pp. 409–426, 1971.
41.
BentlerP. M., Multivariate Analysis with Latent Variables: Causal Modeling, Annual Review of Psychology, 31, pp. 332–456, 1980.
42.
HertzogC., On the Utility of Structural Regression Models for Developmental Research, in Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 8, BaltesP. B.FeathermanD., and LernerR. M. (eds.), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986.
43.
JöreskogK. G. and SörbomD., Statistical Models and Methods for Analysis of Longitudinal Data, in Latent Variables in Socioeconomic Models, AignerD. J. and GoldbergerA. S. (eds.), North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 285–325, 1977.
44.
SchaieK. W. and WillisS. L., Can Intellectual Decline in the Elderly Be Reversed?, Developmental Psychology, 22, pp. 223–232, 1986.
45.
NesselroadeJ. R.StiglerS. M., and BaltesP. B., Regression towards the Mean and the Study of Change, Psychological Bulletin, 88, pp. 622–637, 1980.
46.
AlwinD. F. and JacksonD. J., Applications of Simultaneous Factor Analysis to Issues of Factorial Invariance, in Factor Analysis and Measurement, JacksonD. J. and BorgattaE. F. (eds.), Sage, London, pp. 249–278, 1981.
47.
RockD. A.WertsC. E., and FlaugherR. L., The Use of Analysis of Covariance Structures for Comparing the Psychometric Properties of Multiple Variables across Populations, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 13, pp. 403–418, 1978.
48.
ReinertG., Comparative Factor Analytic Studies of Intelligence throughout the Human Life-Span, in Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Research and Theory, GouletL. R. and BaltesP. B. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 467–484, 1970.
49.
SalthouseT. A., Adult Cognition: An Experimental Psychology of Human AgingSpringer-Verlag, New York, 1982.