Motivated by the observation that individuals with clefts of the lip and palate exhibit different facial growth than those individuals without facial clefts, many studies have assessed dentofacial morphology in order to understand these differing growth patterns. This review addresses current understanding of facial growth in patients with untreated clefts, drawing broad conclusions about the state of the art, and presents a challenge for cleft care in the future.
AthertonJ.D.. Morphology of facial bones in skulls with unoperated unilateral cleft palate.Cleft Palate J.1967; 4: 18–30.
2.
BisharaS.E.. Cephalometric evaluation of facial growth in operated and non-operated individuals with isolated clefts of the palate.Cleft Palate J.1973; 3: 239–245.
3.
BisharaS.E.KrauseC.J.OlinW.H.WestonD.Van NessJ.FellingC.. Facial and dental relationships of individuals with unoperated clefts of the lip and/or palate.Cleft Palate J.1976; 13: 238–252.
4.
BisharaS.E.Martinez de ArredondoR.S.Patron ValesH.JakobsonJ.R.. Dentofacial relationships in persons with unoperated clefts: comparisons between three cleft types.Am J Orthod.1985; 87: 481–507.
5.
BisharaSE, OlinWH, KrauseCJ. Cephalometric findings in two cases with unrepaired bilateral cleft lip and palate.Cleft Palate J.1978; 15: 233–238.
6.
BisharaS.S.E.JakobsenJ.R.KrauseJ.C.Sosa-MartinezR.. Cephalometric comparisons of individuals from India and Mexico with unoperated cleft lip and palate.Cleft Palate J.1986; 23: 116–125.
7.
Boo-ChaiK.. The unoperated adult bilateral cleft of the lip and palate.Br J Plast Surg.1971; 24: 250–256.
8.
CrabbJ.J.FosterT.D.. Growth defects in unrepaired unilateral cleft lip and palate.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path.1977; 44: 329–334.
9.
DavisA.D.. Unoperated bilateral complete cleft lip and palate in the adult.Plast Reconstr Surg.1951; 7: 482–491.
10.
DeJesusJ.. A comparative cephalometric analysis of nonoperated cleft-palate adults and normal adults.Am J Orthod.1959; 45: 61–62.
11.
HagertyR.F.HillM.J.. Facial growth and dentition in the unoperated cleft palateJ Dent Res.1963; 1(suppl): 412–420.
12.
InnisC.O.. Some preliminary observations on unrepaired hare-lips and cleft palates in adult members of the Dusan tribes of North Borneo.Br. J Plast Surg.1962; 15: 173–181.
13.
IsiekweM.C.SowemimoG.O.A.. Cephalometric findings in a normal Nigerian population sample and adult Nigerians with unrepaired clefts.Cleft Palate J.1984; 21: 323–328.
14.
MarsM.HoustonW.J.B.. A preliminary study of facial growth and morphology in unoperated male unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects over 13 years of age.Cleft Palate J.1990; 27: 7–15.
15.
McCanceA.M.Roberts-HarryD.SherriffM.MarsM.HoustonW.J.B.. A study model analysis of adult unoperated Sri Lankans with unilateral cleft lip and palate.Cleft Palate J.1990; 27: 146–154.
16.
MestreJ.C.DeJesusJ.SubtelnyJ.D.. Unoperated oral clefts at maturation.Angle Orõrthod.1960; 30: 78–85.
17.
Ortiz-MonasterioF.OlmedoA.TrigosI.YudovichM.VelazquezM.Fuente-del-CampoA.. Final results from the delayed treatment of patients with clefts of the lip and palate.Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg.1974; 8: 109–115.
18.
Ortiz-MonasterioF.SerranoR A.BarreraP G.Rodriguez-HoffmanH.VinagerasE.. A study of untreated adult cleft palate patients.Plast Reconstr Surg.1966; 28: 36–41.
19.
Ortiz-MonasterioF.Serrano RebeilA.ValderramaM.CruzR.. Cephalometric measurements on adult patients with nonoperated cleft palates.Plast Reconstr Surg.1959; 24: 53–60.
20.
PonitzP.V.SpyropoulosM.N.. The dental occlusion in treated and non-treated cleft lip and palate.Eur J Orthod.1979; 1: 181–187.
21.
PruzanskyS.FriedeH.. Two sisters with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate, age 6 and 4 years.Br J Plast Surg.1975; 28: 251–258.
22.
ReesT.D.. Unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate in a young adult: a thirty three year follow-up.Br J Plast Surg.1991; 44: 378–383.
23.
RossR.B.CoupeT.B.. Craniofacial morphology in six pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for cleft lip and palate.J Can Dent Assoc.1965; 31: 149–157.
24.
SakudaM.LoweA.A.HirakiT.SugimuraM.. Unoperated adult cleft lip and palate: changes in form and function after operation.Cleft Palate J.1988; 25: 301–307.
25.
SubtelnyJ.D.. Width of the nasopharynx and related anatomic structures in normal and unoperated cleft palate children.Am J Orthod.1955; 41: 889–908.