A multldisciplinary International Working Group of scientists was assembled to address the question of standardizing reporting techniques for multiview videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy, the generally accepted standards for direct observation of the velopharyngeal valve. This report is a first attempt to propose standards while seeking feedback from the readership in order to further develop a common methodology.
CroftC.B., ShprintzenR.J., RakoffS.J. (1981). Patterns of velopharyngeal valving in normal and cleft palate subjects: a multi view videofluoroscopic and nasendoscopic studyLaryngoscope91: 265–271.
4.
CroftC.B., ShprintzenR.J., RubenR.J. (1981). Hypemasal speech following adenotonsillectomy.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg89: 179–188.
5.
D'AntonioL., MarshJ., ProvinceM., MuntzH., PhillipsC. (1989). Reliability of flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy for evaluation of velopharyngeal function in a clinical population.Cleft Palate J26: 217–225.
6.
GereauS.A., ShprintzenR.J. (1988). The role of adenoids in the development of normal speech following palate repair.Laryngoscope98: 299–303.
7.
Golding-KushnerK.J. (1981). Articulation and velopharyngeal insufficiency: a rationale for pre surgical speech therapy. Paper presented at the Fourth International Congress on Cleft Palate and Related Craniofacial Anomalies, Acapulco, Mexico.
8.
Golding-KushnerK.J. (1989). Speech therapy for compensatory articulation errors in patients with “cleft palate speech.” Videotape produced by the Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York. 1989.
9.
HenningssonG., IsbergA. (1986). Velopharyngeal movements patterns in patients alternating between oral and glottal articulation: a clinical and cineradiographical study.Cleft Palate J23: 1–9.
10.
HenningssonG., IsbergA. (1988). Influence of tonsils on velopharyngeal movements in children with craniofacial anomalies and hypemasality.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop94: 253–261.
IbukiK., MorrisH.L., MiyazakiT., MatsuyaT., KarnellM.P. (1982). Reliability and validity of nasopharyngeal fiberscope (NPF) examination: a simultaneous NPF and lateral cinefluoroscopic (Cine) study.J Japan Cleft Palate Assoc7: 29–47.
13.
IbukiK., KarnellM.P., MorrisH.L. (1983). The nasopharyngeal fiberscope for assessing velopharyngeal function: reliability and validity of analysis by measurement.Cleft Palate J20: 97–104.
14.
IsbergA., HenningssonG. (1987). Influence of palatal fistulas on velopharyngeal movements: a cineradiographic study.Plast Reconstr Surg79: 525–530.
15.
IsbergA., JulinI., KraepelienT., HenriksenC.O. (1989). Absorbed doses and energy imparted from radiographic examination of velopharyngeal function during speech.Cleft Palate J26: 105–109.
16.
KarnellM.P., FolkinsJ.W., MorrisH.L. (1985). Relationships between perceived and kinematic aspects of speech production in cleft palate speakers.J Speech Hear Res28: 63–72.
17.
KarnellM.P., IbukiK., MorrisH.L., Van DemarkD. (1983). Reliability of the nasopharyngeal fiberscope (NPF) for assessing velopharyngeal function: analysis by judgment.Cleft Palate J20: 199–208.
18.
KuehnD.P. (1976). A cineradiographic investigation of velar movement in two normalsCleft Palate J13: 88–103.
19.
KuehnD.P., FolkinsJ.W., CuttingC.B. (1982). Relationships between muscle activity and velar position.Cleft Palate J19: 25–35.
20.
LewisM.B., PashayanH.M. (1980). The effects of pharyngeal flap surgery on lateral pharyngeal wall motion: a videoradiographic evaluation.Cleft Palate J17: 301–304.
21.
MacKenzie-StepnerK., WitzelM.A., StringerD.A., LaskinR. (1987). Velopharyngeal insufficiency due to hypertrophic tonsils.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol14: 57–63.
22.
MacKenzie-StepnerK., WitzelM.A., StringerD.A., LindsayW.K., MunroI.R., HughesH. (1987). Abnormal carotid arteries in the velocardiofacial syndrome: a report of three cases.Plast Reconstr Surg80: 347–351.
23.
McGrathC. (1987). A method for diagramming VP motion from the com bined results of videofluoroscopy and videonasendoscopy. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Cleft Palate Association, San Antonio, TX.
24.
McGrathC., AndersonM. (1990). Prosthetic treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence. In: BardachJ., MorrisH. eds. Multidisciplinary management of unilateral cleft lip and palate.New York: Grune & Stratton, 1990.
MollK.L., DaniloffR.G. (1971). Investigation of ihe liming of velar movements during speech.J Acoust Soc Am50: 678–684.
27.
MollK.L., ShrinerT.H. (1967). Preliminary investigation or a new concept of velar activity during speech.Cleft Palate J4: 58–69.
28.
PigottR.W. (1990). Personal communication.
29.
PigottR.W., MakepeaceA.P. (1982). Some characteristics of endoscopic and radiological systems used in elaboration of the diagnosis of velopharyngeal incompetence.Br J Plast Surg35: 19–32.
30.
PollackM., ShprintzenR.J., ZimmermanK.L. (1979). Velopharyngeal insufficiency: the neurological perspective: a report of 32 cases.Dev Med Child Neurol21: 194–201.
31.
RioloM.L., MoyersR.E., McNamaraJ.A.Jr., HunterW.S. (1979). An atlas of craniofacial growth: cephalometric standards from the University School Growth Study, the University of Michigan.Ann Arbon: Center for Human Growth and Development.
32.
ShprintzenR.J. (1983). An invited commentary on the preceding article by Ibuki, Karnell and Morris.Cleft Palate J20: 105–107.
33.
ShprintzenR.J. (1988). Pharyngeal flap surgen- and the pediatric upper airway.Int Anesth Clin 26-74-RV
34.
ShprintzenR.J. (1990). Conceptual framework for pharyngeal flap surgery. In: BardachJ., MorrisH., eds. Multidisciplinary management of unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate.New York: Grune & Stratton, in press.
35.
ShprintzenR.J., CroftC.B., BerkmanM.D., RakoffS.J. (1979a). Pharyngeal-hypoplasia in the Treacher Collins syndromeArch Otolaryngol105: 127–131.
36.
ShprintzenR.J., Golding-KushnerK.J. (1989). Evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency.Otolaryngol Clin North Am22: 519–536.
37.
ShprintzenR.J., LencioneR.M., McCallG.N., SkolnickM.L. (1974). A three dimensional cinefluoroscopic analysis of velopharyngeal closure during speech and nonspeech activities in normals.Cleft Palate J11: 412–428.
38.
ShprintzenR.J., LewinM.L., CroftC.B., DanillerA.I., ArgamasoR.V., ShipA.G., StrauchB. (1979b). A comprehensive study of pharyngeal flap surgery: tailor made flaps.Cleft Palate J16: 46–55.
39.
ShprintzenR.J., McCallG.N., SkolnickM.L. (1981). The effect of pharyngeal flap surgery on the movements of the lateral pharyngeal walls.Plast Reconstr Surg66: 570–573.
40.
ShprintzenR.J., McCallG.N., SkolnickM.L., LencioneR.M. (1975). Selective movement of the lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls during speech, blowing, and whistling in normals.Cleft Palate J12: 51–58.
41.
ShprintzenR.J., RakoffS.J., SkolnickM.L., LavoratoA.S. (1977). Incongruous movements of the velum and lateral pharyngeal walls.Cleft Palate J14: 148–157.
Siegel-SadewitzV.L., ShprintzenR.J. (1982). Nasopharyngoscopy of the normal velopharyngeal sphincter: an experiment of biofeedback.Cleft Palate J19: 194–201.
44.
Siegel-SadewitzV.L., ShprintzenR.J. (1986). Changes in velopharyngeal valving with age.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol11: 171–182.
45.
SinclairS.W.DaviesD.M.BrackaA. (1982). Comparative reliability of nasal pharyngoscopy and videofluoroscopy in Ine assessment of velopharyngeal incompetence, Br J Plast Surg35: 113–117.
46.
SkolnickM.L., CohnE.R. (1989). Videofluoroscopic studies of speech in patients with cleft palate.New York: Springer-Verlag.
47.
SkolnickM.L., McCallG.N. (1972). Velopharyngeal competence and incompetence following pharyngeal flap surgery: a video-fluoroscopic study in multiple projectionsCleft Palate J9: 1–12.
48.
SkolnickM.L., McCallG.N., BarnesM. (1973). The sphincteric mechanism of velopharyngeal closure.Cleft Palate J10: 286–305.
49.
StringerD.A., WitzelM.A. (1989). Comparison of multi-view videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy in the assessment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.Cleft Palate J26: 88–90.
50.
TrigosI., YsunzaA. (1988). A comparison of palatoplasty with and without primary pharyngoplasty.Cleft Palate J25: 163–166.
51.
VelascoM.G., YsunzaA., HernandezX., MarquezC. (1988). Diagnosis and treatment of submucous cleft patate: a review of 108 cases.Cleft Palate J25: 171–173.
52.
WilliamsW.N., IsbergA.M. (1990). Radiographic examination of velopharyngeal function, In: DelbalsoA.M., ed. Radiographic examination of velopharyngeal function.Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
53.
WitzelM.A., PosnickJ.C. (1989). Patterns and location of velopharyngeal valving problems: atypical findings on video nasopharyngoscopy.Cleft Palate J26: 63–67.
54.
WitzelM.A., TobeJ., SalyerK.E. (1989). The use of videonasopharyngoscopy for biofeedback therapy in adults after pharyngeal flap surgery.Cleft Palate J26: 129–134.
55.
YsunzaA. (1989). Volumetric study of the velopharyngeal sphincter. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Ear, Nose, and Throat Advances in Children (SENTAC), Los Angeles.