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Abstract

Policy-makers are often hesitant to invest in unproven solutions because of a lack of the decision-making framework for managing innovations as a portfolio of investments that balances risk and return, especially in the field of developing new technologies. This study provides a new portfolio matrix for decision making of policy-makers to identify IoT applications in the agriculture sector for future investment based on two dimensions of sustainable development as a return and IoT challenge as a risk using a novel MADM approach. To this end, the identified applications of IoT in the agriculture sector fall into eight areas using the meta-synthesis method. The authors extracted a set of criteria from the literature. Later, the fuzzy Delphi method helped finalise it. The authors extended the SWARA method with interval-valued triangular fuzzy numbers (IVTFN SWARA) and used it to the weighting of the characteristics. Then, the alternatives were rated using the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method based on interval-valued triangular fuzzy numbers (IVTFN ARAS). Finally, decision-makers evaluated the results of ratings based on two dimensions of sustainability and IoT challenge by developing a framework for decision-making. Results of this paper show that policy-makers can manage IOT innovations in a disciplined way that balances risk and return by a portfolio approach, simultaneously the proposed framework can be used to determine and prioritise the areas of IoT application in the agriculture sector.

Keywords

Internet of Things sustainable development IoT challenges MCDM IVTFN SWARA IVTFN ARAS

1 Introduction

The IoT in the agricultural sector aims to empower farmers through automation technologies and decision-making tools that lead to the integration of products, knowledge and services for higher productivity, better quality (Elijah et al., 2018), and sustainability (Sundmaeker et al., 2016). Despite the many different innovative applications of IoT in the agricultural sector, policy-makers (PMs) only recently began to consider the risk and return of using this technology. Therefore, to establish policies for the development of this technology there is a need for a framework to ensure the realisation of sustainable development (SD) goals in the agricultural sector and consider the smallest challenges for IoT implementation. Due to complex and multi-dimensional nature of sustainability issues (Shen and Tzeng, 2018) and the evolutionary nature of the IoT (Kim and Kim, 2016), decision-making faces problems such as lack of complete information and the need to use experts’ opinions for decision-making. Given the capability of multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques to meet similar conditions (Kim and Kim, 2016; Luthra et al., 2018; Mohammadzadeh et al., 2018; Quaddus and Siddique, 2001; Vinodh et al., 2013; Zarei et al., 2016), it seems that the use of these techniques can be useful in establishing the intended policy-making framework.

In many situations, candidates’ information for decision-making is usually uncertain and incomplete. Therefore, using MADM techniques that consider input parameters accurately and certainly is an inefficient approach (Turskis and Zavadskas, 2010a). Decision-makers use fuzzy number sets when solving complicated problems to overcome this limitation (Lima Junior et al., 2014). Although the use of fuzzy numbers has enabled many real-world decision-making problems to be solved (Turskis et al., 2019b), it cannot adequately meet all the requirements of such problems due to uncertainty (Dahooie et al., 2018; Stanujkic, 2015). Therefore, Atanassov (1986) generalised the fuzzy numbers and introduced intuitive fuzzy numbers (Ye, 2010). Intuitive fuzzy numbers allow better visualisation of ambiguity and environmental uncertainty (Dahooie et al., 2018).

On the other hand, Iran, as a country transitioning from a factor-driven economy to an efficiency-driven economy, seeks to deploy IoT in various industries and use its benefits to achieve the economic 1404 outlook (Iran’s 2025 outlook) and SD goals (Zarei et al., 2016). Despite the many different applications of IoT in the agricultural sector, PMs only recently began to consider the possibilities and benefits of using this technology in Iran. The purpose of this study is to present a MADM framework for policy-making in implementing IoT applications in the agriculture sector. The literature review helps to identify a list of sustainability attractiveness criteria, and IoT challenges to prioritise IoT applications in the agriculture sector to achieve more SD goals and face the least challenges. The PMs, due to research limitations in this field, used the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) and expert opinions to create a useful list of criteria. Experts weighted the identified criteria based on the IVTFN SWARA method in the next step. Due to the aim of the study, the authors extend the SWARA method to utilise IVTFN. In the next step, the PMs calculated performance scores of each of the identified applications using the IVTFN ARAS. Finally, the proposed framework assists PMs in selecting appropriate IoT applications based on the two criteria of achieving more sustainability and facing fewer challenges for implementing IoT in the agricultural sector in Iran.

The existing literature on using IoT in the field of agriculture usually focus on topics such as IOT architectures and network layers from a technical point of view (Villa-Henriksen et al., 2020) and less systematically investigate the IoT applications from the perspective of national policymakers, so the main advantages of this research are:

•
Introducing a new classification for different IoT applications in agriculture.
•
Identify and categorize both the challenges of the Internet of Things and its benefits from a sustainable development perspective on a national level.
•
Extend SWARA based on IVTFN to calculate the weight of criteria.
•
Provide a new decision-making matrix for selecting high-priority IoT applications in the agriculture sector using interval-valued triangular fuzzy sets.
•
Assist national policy makers to better understand, and thus implement the applications of IoT in the field of agriculture.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 3.1 reviews the literature and discusses the need to establish a decision-making framework for the selection of appropriate IoT applications that encounter fewer challenges and more sustainability. Section 3.2 describes the research method. Section 4 illustrates the case study and presents the results. Finally, Section 4 concludes the research.
2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Literature Review

Modern policy-makers must effectively manage projects (Yazdani et al., 2019a), choose to implement the best possible solutions based on many factors affecting the environment and economic expediency (Zemlickienė and Turskis, 2020) and technology (Bagočius et al., 2014; Ruzgys et al., 2014). Significant political requirements change aspects of the rationality presumption of management at local and international levels (Hashemkhani Zolfani et al., 2013; Erdogan et al., 2017). Policy-makers must take into account the social well-being of people (Zagorskas and Turskis, 2020a, 2020b). The rapid development of the world and the growth of the population require the emergence of new technologies (Zavadskas et al., 2013) and raise the need to develop decision-making theories and methodologies to justify the rational use of them (Yazdani et al., 2019b). There seems to be no limit to the improvement and refinement of multi-criteria decision-making algorithms. The IoT paradigm referred to as one of the drivers of the Industry 4.0 revolution (Geng, 2017) has been able to transform the society dramatically and achieve the goals of SD (Benkhelifa et al., 2014; Biggs et al., 2016; Hopwood et al., 2005). Therefore, it is useful to empower sustainable agriculture (it is a concept stemming from the idea of SD published in the 1987 Brundtland Committee Report). In order for the decision-makers to achieve SD goals, they need a balance of economic, social, environmental, and technical issues (Merad et al., 2013) and face a variety of IoT applications in the agriculture sector (Elijah et al., 2018; Ray, 2017; Verdouw et al., 2016). Therefore, the MADM techniques can support the decision-makers in this field (Quaddus and Siddique, 2001). In the following, the authors discuss the background of the research on the importance of sustainable agriculture, the concept of IoT, the applications of IoT in the agriculture sector, and the necessity of establishing a decision-making framework to reduce IoT challenges and achieve SD goals.

The concept of sustainable agriculture has emerged and has been considered by national PMs. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines sustainable agriculture as the management and conservation of critical natural resources and the direction of technological change in a way that will continually satisfy human needs for present and future generations. Various papers have set out different criteria for measuring the extent to which SD goals are being met in the agricultural sector. PMs categorise them into four types: environmental, economic, social, and technical. Table 1 presents a list of criteria extracted from the literature.

Table 1
A literature review on sustainable development (criteria and methods).

(Wang et al., 2019a) (Scharfy et al., 2017) (Cardoso et al., 2018) (Veisi et al., 2016) (Chiou et al., 2005) (Quaddus and Siddique, 2001) (Marcis et al., 2019) (Zahm et al., 2008) (Rezaei-Moghaddam and Karami, 2008) (Velten et al., 2015) (Poursaeed et al., 2010) (Fatemi and Rezaei-Moghaddam, 2019) (Liu et al., 2019) (Khishtandar et al., 2017)

Weighting method FAHP AHP CRITIC AHP FAHP AHP – – AHP – AHP AHP FAHP HFLTS

Selection method VIKOR MAVT PROMETHEE-II AHP FAHP AHP – – AHP – AHP AHP FTOPSIS MAMCA

Criteria extraction method L L L L L L L IDEA L* L* L L L L

Environmental Global warming ∘ ∘ ∘

Environmental pollution ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∘

Rational use of natural resources ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∘

Biodiversity ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙

Development of clean energy extraction ∙

Ecologic resilience ∙ ∙

Non-renewable resource recycling (Waste management) ∙ ∘ ∘ ∙

Quality of products ∙ ∘ ∘

Animal well-being ∘ ∙

Harmony with nature ∙

Economic Financial measures and profitability [return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), return on investment (ROI)] ∘ ∘ ∘ ∙ ∘

Saving of fossil fuel energy ∙

Investment costs ∘ ∙ ∘

Amortisation time ∙

Life cycle costs ∙

Economic dependency on natural resources ∙

Employment ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙

Economic growth ∘ ∘ ∙

Combination of resource possession systems ∙

Risk management ∙

Productivity ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙

Social Social acceptability ∙ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙

Applicability ∙

Health and safety and welfare and quality of life (employees and cooperative members) ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

Improvement of environmental culture and awareness ∙

Equity and poverty alleviation ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘

Mutual collaboration and participation ∘ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙

Education and qualification (employees and cooperative members) ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

Cultural preservation ∙

Reducing farmers migration ∘ ∘ ∙ ∙

Compatibility with a political, legislative and administrative framework ∙

Contribution to regional development ∙

Technical Development potential ∙

Eco-friendly technologies ∙

Environmental adaptability ∙

Modern agricultural technologies for yield increase ∙ ∙

Technology maturity ∙ ∙ ∙

∘= is partly or implicitly proposed by the author(s) ∙= is (explicitly) offered by the author(s)

Note: FAHP = fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process; VIKOR = Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje; AHP = Analytic Hierarchy Process; MAVT = Multiple Attribute Value Theory; CRITIC = CRiteria Importance Through Inter-Criteria Correlation; PROMETHEE = Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations; FTOPSIS = Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution; HFLTS = Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Set; MAMCO = Multi Actor Multi-Criteria Outranking; L = literature; L* = literature and Delphi; IDEA = indicateurs de durabilité des exploitations agricoles or farm sustainability indicators.

2.1.1 The Concept of IoT

Table 2
A literature review on the challenges of IoT development (criteria and methods).

(Mohammadzadeh et al., 2018) (Khan and Ismail, 2017) (Brewster et al., 2017) (Pivoto et al., 2018) (Elijah et al., 2018) (Kamienski et al., 2018) (Upadhyay et al., 2019) (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015) (Aldowah et al., 2019) (Diwaker et al., 2019) (Aswale et al., 2019) (Akinyoade and Eluwole, 2019) (Instituto de Normalización, Acreditación, 2018)

Weighting method FANP – – – – – – – – – – – –

Selection Method FANP – – – – – – – – – – – –

Criteria extraction method L – – – – – – – – – – – –

Technological Architecture and design ∙ ∙

Interoperability ∙ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙

Device heterogeneity ∙ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘

Addressing ∙ ∘ ∙

Ubiquitous data management ∙ ∘ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙

Hardware construction ∙ ∘

Fault tolerance ∙ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘

Lack of supporting infrastructure ∙ ∙

Data processing power ∙

Choice of technology ∙

Localisation ∙

Optimisation of resources ∙ ∘

Precision ∘ ∘ ∙

Data volume and scalability ∙ ∘ ∙

Internet-connectivity ∙ ∙

Privacy and security Data confidentiality ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘

Network security ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∘

Transparency ∙

IoT devices’ safety ∙ ∙ ∘ ∙ ∘ ∙

Conflict of interests ∙

Privacy ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

Security vulnerabilities in the overall IoT system ∙

Identity and access management ∙ ∙

Business Business model ∙ ∙ ∙

Investing in IoT development ∙

Economic development opportunities and issues ∙

Customer expectations and quality of service ∙ ∘

Heterogeneity of the sector ∙

Farm sizes and capital investment costs ∙ ∙

Legal and regulatory Data usage ∙

Standardisation ∙ ∙

Cross border data flows and global cooperation ∙

Liability ∙

Data ownership and data collection management ∙ ∘ ∘

GDPR and IoT ∘ ∘

Cultural Education and training ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

Ethics ∙

Trust ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙

Vandalism ∙

∘= is partly/implicitly proposed by author(s) ∙ = is (explicitly) proposed by author(s)

Note: FANP = fuzzy Analytic Network Process; L = literature.

The traditional concept of the internet as an infrastructure network seeks to diminish end-user terminals and move to the idea of “smart” interconnected objects to shape pervasive computing environments. A new paradigm called “Internet of Things” (Atzori et al., 2010; Noje et al., 2020; Perera et al., 2014) has been formed to refer to:

The global network of intelligent objects interconnected by advanced internet technologies;

Fig. 1

The process of identifying IoT applications in different areas.

A set of support technologies needed to achieve the desired vision (including RDFs, sensors/actuators, Machine-to-Machine communication devices, and others);

Group of applications and services that leverage these technologies to establish new businesses and maximise market opportunities (Miorandi et al., 2012).

Identifying the challenges to the implementation of IoT can help researchers and PMs in planning to develop its applications. Table 2 highlights the most critical challenges facing the development of IoT from the technological, security, business, legal, and cultural aspects.

2.1.2 IoT Applications in the Agriculture sector

Since IoT applications are widespread and evolving (Kim and Kim, 2016) and have a variety of applications in the agricultural sector (Elijah et al., 2018), the Sandelowski and Barroso’s Meta-Synthesis Method is used to identify applications of the IoT in the agriculture sector (Sandelowski and Barroso, 2006). Figure 1 summarises the research process, including the criteria for accepting and rejecting articles, keywords used in searching for research articles, research timeframe, and the search of databases, journals, and various search engines. In the final step, policy-makers out of 862 items were identified, and 403 articles were analysed.

The identified IoT applications fall into eight areas: open-field agriculture, greenhouses, hydroponics and aquaponics, open-air horticulture, livestock farming, fishery and aquaculture, forestry, and distribution and supply networks. Table 3 presents the IoT applications identified based on different agriculture areas.

On the one hand, the applications of IoT in various agricultural areas are ubiquitous. On the other hand, the implementation of IoT has many challenges due to its evolutionary nature. However, no framework has been provided to assist PMs in making decisions regarding implementing IoT in different agriculture areas. To be transparent, a framework for selecting the agriculture areas that are more appropriate for implementing IoT that must be considered both SD goals and IoT challenges simultaneously is necessary. Of course, as previously shown in Tables 1 and 2, measuring each of these two objectives need to take into account several criteria that are sometimes inconsistent. MADM approaches offer a variety of methods for obtaining expert opinions and making the right decisions on a particular issue by considering multiple criteria (Shen and Tzeng, 2018). A review of applications of MADM methods in similar domains (Kim and Kim, 2016; Luthra et al., 2018; Quaddus and Siddique, 2001; Vinodh et al., 2013; Zarei et al., 2016) indicates the potential of these methods in establishing decision-making frameworks in the field of study.

Table 3
Applications of IoT in different agricultural areas

Application IoT role Area

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

Weather forecasting Monitoring weather attributes including humidity, temperature, soil moisture, rainfall and the light intensity across the farmland in remote locations and also the weather forecast data ✓ ✓

Irrigation management system Monitoring soil moisture, soil temperature, environmental parameters ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Estimation of critical virtual water for irrigation in the district Monitoring environmental parameters in the districts ✓

Agricultural drought data acquisition Gathering and monitoring agricultural drought data in real-time ✓

Pump control system Real-time and remotely monitoring and controlling pumps ✓

Municipal wastewater monitoring and control system for agriculture and gardening application Real-time pH monitoring and control ✓

Water level monitoring system Collect, analyse and predict the water level detail, water usage and other information of particular water source from a remote location in real-time ✓

Water quality assessment system Monitoring water quality attributes including chemicals, pH, and temperature ✓ ✓

Disease and pest detection and control Collect, analyse and predict the disease in leaf, stem and fruit and pests through image processing ✓ ✓ ✓

Weed detection system Predict the weeds through image processing and based on related statistical algorithms ✓

Agricultural machinery intelligent scheduling Considering the factors including weather and crop mature time, computing the smallest distance matrix of all deployment sites and the smallest path matrix relevant, assigning tasks and sorting the task routes ✓

Navigation system for agricultural machines Navigate automated guided vehicles on a field based on global positioning system and google maps service ✓

Seedbed monitoring Monitoring environmental parameters of seed breeding including soil temperature, soil humidity, air humidity, light, ambient, and air temperature ✓

Agriculture Market Information System for small-scale farmers Collecting and monitoring data including product type with image, quality of product with a current close-up picture, current growth stage with image, estimated date of harvest, the estimated quantity of yield, farmers contact, location of the farm/field and distance from the nearest road point ✓

Predictive crop growth models Stores periodic data collected through environmental and soil parameters, and then Big Data analysis is carried out for providing suggestions to the farmers for crops to be taken on the farmland with peculiar soil properties based on the previous stock of agro products and current requirements in the market ✓ ✓

Farm management system Monitoring soil and environmental parameters ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Automatic sorting system Classification crops by image processing ✓

Waste management Real-time and continuous acquisition and analysis of decisive variables allow the identification, monitoring, improvement, and optimisation of various components along with the design of the supply chain ✓

Monitoring system to prevent animal attacks Detect and avoid animal intrusions ✓

Detection and agriculture product theft prevention system Determining abnormal behaviours by using an image monitoring system ✓

The surveillance system in the agricultural drying process Monitoring and tracking environmental parameters including temperature and moisture in the agricultural drying process ✓

Satellite monitoring agricultural lands Collect and analyse information through satellite monitoring ✓

Smart flood disaster prediction system Real-time monitoring flood attributes including humidity, temperature, pressure, rainfall and river water level ✓

Condition monitoring system Monitoring environmental parameters including the amount of rainfall, leaf wetness, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, salinity, climate, dry circle, solar radiation, pest movement, human activities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Fertilisation System (fertiliser requirement for the current crop) Monitoring soil condition such as soil moisture, soil temperature and soil pH ✓ ✓ ✓

Warehousing management Condition monitoring including temperature and humidity of crops and detection of the presence of any beetles and invader ✓ ✓

Energy management Monitor the status of the small off-grid photovoltaic system consists of a photovoltaic voltage and ampere, battery voltage, and battery current loading ✓ ✓ ✓

Leisure agriculture intelligent system Collect and analyse new data about fields and shows out in the website form for tourist ✓

Frost event prediction system Gather and monitor data including air temperature, air relative humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature that represents the orchard environment ✓

Cattle movement and feed monitoring Animal tracking and behavioural analysis and monitoring of animals feed ✓

Fire detection system Monitoring soil and air temperatures and humidity, and the different levels of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, toluene, oxygen, hydrogen, methane, isobutene, ammonia, ethanol, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide ✓ ✓

Timber tracing management Tracking timbers from the forest through the supply chain to the consumer ✓

Tree tracking Forest identification and tree tracking ✓

Food safety traceability system Putting a sensor tag on crops to trace its production, processing, wholesale and retail ✓

Management information system Real-time Tracking of agricultural products in different areas with RFID technology ✓

Real-time pricing mechanism Real-time pricing by implementing a smart RFID/NFC price tag by identifying food quality features ✓

Note: A1 = open-field agriculture; A2 = greenhouses; A3 = hydroponics and aquaponics; A4 = open-air horticulture; A5 = livestock farming; A6 = fishery and aquaculture; A7 = forestry; A8 = distribution and supply networks; RFID = Radio-frequency identification; NFC = Near-field communication.

2.2 Research Methodology

The authors aim to provide a decision-making framework for PMs regarding the implementation of IoT in the agricultural sector under the conditions of Iran. In establishing this framework, achieving SD goals by the identified IoT applications and facing the least challenges for IoT implementation in the agricultural sector should be considered. The necessity of simultaneous attention to these two issues is similar to the idea of choosing an IT investment portfolio (Peppard and Ward, 2012; Ramakrishnan, 2008; Silvius, 2010) or technology portfolio management (Jolly, 2003).

Fig. 2

Portfolio view based on risk and attractiveness Adapted from Silvius (2010).

The primary purpose of information technology investments is to identify aspects related to the value (attractiveness) and the risk of projects individually as well as project portfolios. The term IT portfolio management, which is derived from the financial portfolio investment model, represents the process of evaluating projects before investment (Ramakrishnan, 2008). The most important advantage of this approach is to understand the value of an investment that is affected by other investments or assets in the portfolio. In other words, investment decisions are not taken individually, and this method examines investments concerning other investments and assets (Silvius, 2010). It enables management to visualise the pattern of investments and enhance the project-level debate to the entire portfolio (Peppard and Ward, 2012). The idea of portfolio matrix formation, in addition to commercial areas, has been used in many areas such as IT infrastructure investment assessment (Peppard and Ward, 2012; Ramakrishnan, 2008; Silvius, 2010), technology portfolio management (Jolly, 2003), transportation project evaluation (Reza Ghaeli et al., 2003), and others. Figure 2 represents the portfolio matrix consisting of two dimensions of attractiveness and challenges.

With this in mind, to build a decision-making framework based on sustainability indicators (Attractions) as well as the challenges of IoT development, initially, the IoT applications in the agriculture sector were identified and categorised into eight main areas. The criteria existed in the literature were selected, and the final list of criteria then was determined using a fuzzy Delphi process with the help of experts in the field in the form of a working group (consisting of representatives from the Agricultural Research, Education and Development Organization and Iran Telecommunication Research Center). The IVTFN SWARA method weights the criteria. Later, the IVTFN ARAS method rates the IoT applications based on different areas identified in the agriculture sector. To this end, the team members evaluated each identified application according to the final list of criteria. Finally, the ratings were assessed based on two dimensions of SD and the challenges of IoT development, and a suitable framework for policy-making in this area was proposed. Figure 3 presents the details of each of these steps.

Fig. 3

The executive process of the research.

2.2.1 Fuzzy Delphi Method

In this study, the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) is used to adapt the experts’ views on the determination of essential criteria (Lin, 2013) in evaluating IoT applications in the agriculture sector. The Delphi method, first used in technology prediction in 1950, was rapidly developed in various fields (Mullen, 2003). Then, in 1985, Murray et al. improved its ambiguity and uncertainty by applying fuzzy theory (Dahooie et al., 2018; Kuo and Chen, 2008). Since various techniques have been proposed for FDM calculations, this study uses the approach proposed Kuo and Chen (2008). Each fuzzy number ( $T_{A}$ ) is defined as follows: $\begin{matrix} T_{A} = (L_{A}, M_{A}, U_{A}), L_{A} = min (X_{A_{i}}), U_{A} = max (X_{A_{i}}), M_{A} = \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i = 1}^{n} X_{A_{i}}}, \end{matrix}$ (1) where $X_{A_{i}}$ is the proposed value of the decision-maker i in terms of the critical factor A, $(i = 1, 2, \dots)$ . $L_{A}$ , $U_{A}$ , and $M_{A}$ are the lower limit values, the upper limit values, and the geometric mean of the essential factor A, respectively. In the next step, the defuzzification process is performed using the following model (Dahooie et al., 2018): $\begin{matrix} D F_{k} = \frac{(U_{k} - L_{k}) + (M_{k} - L_{k})}{3} + L_{k}, \end{matrix}$ (2) where $L_{k}$ , $U_{k}$ , and $M_{k}$ are the lower limit values, the upper limit values, and the geometric mean of the vital factor k, respectively.

The last step is to set a threshold to accept or reject the criteria (Dahooie et al., 2018). For this purpose, according to experts’ opinions, the value 4 and 3.5 was set as the threshold for the SD criteria and IoT challenge criteria, respectively. Finally, the criteria with the values lower than the threshold were removed from the list, and the final list of measures necessary for evaluation was created (Tables 3 and 4).

2.2.2 Interval-Valued Triangular Fuzzy Numbers

One of the applications of the fuzzy number set theory proposed by Zadeh (1965, 1975) is to use it in the process of making decisions based on ambiguous and uncertain information like decision-makers’ opinions (Lima Junior et al., 2014). In this theory, the membership of an element in the fuzzy number can only have a definite value between zero and one. However, in reality, the degree of non-membership of an element in the fuzzy number is not equal to one minus the degree of membership. It means that there may be some degree of hesitance. Thus, Atanassov introduced intuitive fuzzy sets by generalising the fuzzy number set (Atanassov, 1986; Zeng et al., 2019). The intuitive fuzzy number has the features of membership degree, non-membership degree, and degree of hesitance. Atanassov and Gargov (1989) presented the interval-valued intuitive fuzzy numbers set by generalising the fuzzy number (Wang et al., 2019b; Ye, 2010). As with generalised fuzzy numbers, the interval-valued fuzzy numbers can be trapezoidal (interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy numbers) or triangular (IVTFN). As shown in Fig. 4, Yao and Lin (2002) presented an IVTFN as follows Stanujkic (2015): $\begin{matrix} \tilde{A} = [{\tilde{A}}^{L}, {\tilde{A}}^{U}] = [(a_{l}^{'}, a_{m}^{'}, a_{u}^{'}; ω_{A}^{'}), (a_{l}, a_{m}, a_{u}; ω_{A})], \end{matrix}$ (3) where ${\tilde{A}}^{L}$ and ${\tilde{A}}^{U}$ represent low and high triangular fuzzy numbers, respectively. ${\tilde{A}}^{L} \subset {\tilde{A}}^{U}; μ_{\tilde{A}} (x)$ is the membership function and denotes the degree to which an event may be a member of $\tilde{A}$ . $μ_{{\tilde{A}}^{L}} (x) = ω_{A}^{'}$ Besides, $μ_{{\tilde{A}}^{U}} (x) = ω_{A}$ are the lower and upper membership functions, respectively.

Fig. 4

IVTFN.

Besides, a particular case of IVTFN is the normalised IVTFN in which $ω_{A}^{'} = ω_{A} = 1$ has the same state. The normalised IVTFN shown in Fig. 4 can be represented in Fig. 5 (Stanujkic, 2016). $\begin{matrix} \tilde{A} = [{\tilde{A}}^{L}, {\tilde{A}}^{U}] = [(a_{l}, a_{l}^{'}), a_{m}, (a_{u}^{'}, a_{u})] . \end{matrix}$ (4)

Fig. 5

Normalised IVTFN.

If $\tilde{A} = [{\tilde{A}}^{L}, {\tilde{A}}^{U}] = [(a_{l}, a_{l}^{'}), a_{m}, (a_{u}^{'}, a_{u})]$ and $\tilde{B} = [{\tilde{B}}^{L}, {\tilde{B}}^{U}] = [(b_{l}, b_{l}^{'}), b_{m}, (b_{u}^{'}, b_{u})]$ are two IVTFN, the main algebraic operation can be defined as follows Stanujkic (2016). $\begin{aligned} \tilde{A} \oplus \tilde{B} = [(a_{l} + b_{l}, a_{l}^{'} + b_{l}^{'}), a_{m} + b_{m}, (a_{u}^{'} + b_{u}^{'}, a_{u} + b_{u})], \end{aligned}$ (5) $\begin{aligned} \tilde{A} ⊝ \tilde{B} = [(a_{l} - b_{l}, a_{l}^{'} - b_{l}^{'}), a_{m} - b_{m}, (a_{u}^{'} - b_{u}^{'}, a_{u} - b_{u})] \end{aligned}$ (6) $\begin{aligned} \tilde{A} \otimes \tilde{B} = [(a_{l} \times b_{l}, a_{l}^{'} \times b_{l}^{'}), a_{m} \times b_{m}, (a_{u}^{'} \times b_{u}^{'}, a_{u} \times b_{u})], \end{aligned}$ (7) $\begin{aligned} \tilde{A} ◯ \div \tilde{B} = [(a_{l} \div b_{u}, a_{l}^{'} \div b_{u}^{'}), a_{m} \div b_{m}, (a_{u}^{'} \div b_{l}^{'}, a_{u} \div b_{l})], \end{aligned}$ (8) $\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k} \otimes \tilde{A} = [(\frac{1}{k} \times a_{l}, \frac{1}{k} \times a_{l}^{'}), \frac{1}{k} \times a_{m}, (\frac{1}{k} \times a_{u}^{'}, \frac{1}{k} \times a_{u})], k > 0 . \end{aligned}$ (9)

2.2.3 Linguistic Variables

Decision-makers cannot quantitatively evaluate many aspects of various activities in the real world but can qualitatively evaluate, i.e. by ambiguous or inaccurate knowledge. In this case, using linguistic variables instead of numerical values could be a better approach (Keršulienė and Turskis, 2014). Therefore, the variables used in such problems are evaluated through linguistic terms (Herrera and Martínez, 2000). In the researches done by several authors, different linguistic variables based on triangular or trapezoidal fuzzy numbers have been proposed (Stanujkic et al., 2015). Table 4 presents linguistic variables for weighting criteria and ranking alternatives based on IVTFN (Stanujkic et al., 2015).

Table 4
Linguistic variables for weighting criteria and ranking alternatives adapted from Stanujkic et al. (2015).

Linguistic variables for weighting criteria Linguistic variables for ranking alternatives

Linguistic variables IVTFN Linguistic variables IVTFN

Equally important (EI) $[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$ Very High (VH) $[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$

Moderately less important (MOL) $[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$ High (H) $[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$

Less important (LI) $[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$ Medium (M) $[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$

Very less important (VLI) $[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$ Low (L) $[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$

Much less important (MUL) $[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$ Very Low (VL) $[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$

Linguistic variables for weighting criteria	Linguistic variables for ranking alternatives
Equally important (EI)	$[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$	Very High (VH)	$[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$
Moderately less important (MOL)	$[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$	High (H)	$[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$
Less important (LI)	$[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$	Medium (M)	$[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$
Very less important (VLI)	$[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$	Low (L)	$[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$
Much less important (MUL)	$[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$	Very Low (VL)	$[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$

2.2.4 Development of the SWARA Method Based on Interval-Valued Triangular Fuzzy Numbers

There are a variety of methods for assessing the importance of criteria that researchers have used or modified when solving complex problems, e.g. eigenvector method, SWARA (Keršuliene et al., 2010), expert judgement method, Eckenrode’s rating technique (Turskis et al., 2019a), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1977, 1980; Turskis et al., 2012; Zavadskas et al., 2020) and Entropy method. Keršuliene et al. (2010) developed the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method to weight the criteria based on the opinions and judgments of decision-makers and experts (Keršuliene et al., 2010; Keršulienė and Turskis, 2011). This method is a subjective method with low complexity, low time, and the ability to estimate the opinions of experts or stakeholders on the importance of criteria in the weighting process (Karabasevic et al., 2016; Stanujkic et al., 2017). On the other hand, the inaccuracy and inadequacy of candidates’ information in many situations lead to the inefficiency of using methods that consider input parameters accurately and conclusively (Ye, 2010). Among sets that consider uncertainty in decision-making, interval-valued fuzzy numbers have received special attention from researchers. However, despite numerous developments of the SWARA method, this method has not yet been developed to take advantage of these numbers. Therefore, the authors develop an IVTFN SWARA extension and present it below.

1.
Prioritise the criteria: At this stage, the final criteria for evaluating the alternatives are sorted based on their importance in a descending order. The most important and the least essential criteria are ranked highest and lowest in the ranking process, respectively.
2.
Determine the relative importance of the criteria ( ${\tilde{S}}_{j}$ ): The relative importance of each measure is measured close to the higher rank criterion, which is represented by the value ${\tilde{S}}_{j}$ .
3.
Calculate the coefficient ${\tilde{K}}_{j}$ : The coefficient ${\tilde{K}}_{j}$ as a function of relative importance for each criterion is determined using equation (10) $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{k}}_{j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} \tilde{1}, & j = 1, \\ {\tilde{s}}_{j} + \tilde{1}, & j > 1 . \end{array} \end{matrix}$ (10)
4.
Calculate the initial weight of the criteria: At this stage, the initial importance of each measure is calculated using equation (11) $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{q}}_{j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} \tilde{1}, & j = 1, \\ \frac{{\tilde{q}}_{j - 1}}{{\tilde{K}}_{j}}, & j > 1 . \end{array} \end{matrix}$ (11)
5.
Calculate the final normalised weight: Finally, the final normalised weights are obtained by equation (12) $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{w}}_{j} = \frac{{\tilde{q}}_{j}}{\sum_{k = 1}^{n} {\tilde{q}}_{k}} . \end{matrix}$ (12) The defuzzification method (equation (13) represents the final weights of the criteria (Dahooie et al., 2018) $\begin{matrix} g m (\tilde{B}) = \frac{l + l^{'} + m + u^{'} + u}{5} . \end{matrix}$ (13)

2.2.5 IVTFN ARAS

The ARAS method is one of the newest MADM approaches introduced by Zavadskas and Turskis in 2010 (Zavadskas and Turskis, 2010). This method is useful to solve various decision-making problems. According to the literature, the fuzzy (Turskis and Zavadskas, 2010a), grey (Turskis and Zavadskas, 2010b; Mardani et al., 2018), and IVTFN (Dahooie et al., 2018) extensions of this method are proposed. The steps of the IVTFN ARAS are as follows (Dahooie et al., 2018).

1. Formulate the decision matrix and determine the optimal performance rating for each criterion $\begin{matrix} \tilde{X} = [\begin{array}{ccccc} {\tilde{x}}_{01} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{0 j} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{0 n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{x}}_{i 1} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{i j} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{i n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{x}}_{m 1} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{m j} & \dots & {\tilde{x}}_{m n} \end{array}], i = 0, 1, \dots, m; j = 1, 2, \dots, n, \end{matrix}$ (14) where m is the number of alternatives, n is the number of criteria describing each choice, ${\tilde{x}}_{i j}$ is the interval-valued fuzzy number that denotes the performance value of the option i in criterion j, and ${\tilde{x}}_{0 j}$ is the optimal value of criterion j. The mark ‘∼’ at the top of each symbol indicates an interval-valued triangular fuzzy set.

The optimal performance rank for each criterion with the interval values is calculated using equation (15). $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{x}}_{0 j} = [(l_{0 j}, l_{0 j}^{'}), m_{0 j}, (u_{0 j}^{'}, u_{0 j})], \end{matrix}$ (15) where ${\tilde{x}}_{0 j}$ denotes the optimal fuzzy performance rank with interval values for criterion j. Besides, the other criteria are defined as follows. $\begin{aligned} l_{0 j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} {max}_{i} l_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ {min}_{i} l_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{min}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (16) $\begin{aligned} l_{0 j}^{'} = \{\begin{array}{ll} {max}_{i} l_{i j}^{'}, & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ {min}_{i} l_{i j}^{'}, & j \in Ω_{min}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (17) $\begin{aligned} m_{0 j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} {max}_{i} m_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ {min}_{i} m_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{min}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (18) $\begin{aligned} u_{0 j}^{'} = \{\begin{array}{ll} {max}_{i} u_{i j}^{'}, & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ {min}_{i} u_{i j}^{'}, & j \in Ω_{min} \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (19) $\begin{aligned} u_{0 j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} {max}_{i} u_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ {min}_{i} u_{i j}, & j \in Ω_{min}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (20) where $Ω_{max}$ denotes the benefit-type criteria (where the higher value is preferable), and $Ω_{min}$ denotes the cost-type criteria (where the lower value is preferable).

2. Equation (22) helps to normalise the values $\begin{aligned} \tilde{\overline{X}} = [\begin{array}{ccccc} {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{01} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{0 j} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{0 n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{i 1} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{i j} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{i n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{m 1} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{m j} & \dots & {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{m n} \end{array}], i = 0, 1, \dots, m; j = 1, 2, \dots, n, \end{aligned}$ (21) $\begin{aligned} {\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{i j} = \{\begin{array}{ll} [(\frac{a_{i j}}{c_{j}^{+}}, \frac{a_{i j}^{'}}{c_{j}^{+}}), \frac{b_{i j}}{c_{j}^{+}}, (\frac{c_{i j}^{'}}{c_{j}^{+}}, \frac{c_{i j}}{c_{j}^{+}})], & j \in Ω_{max}, \\ [(\frac{\frac{1}{a_{i j}}}{a_{j}^{-}}, \frac{\frac{1}{a_{i j}^{'}}}{a_{j}^{-}}), \frac{\frac{1}{b_{i j}}}{a_{j}^{-}}, (\frac{\frac{1}{c_{i j}^{'}}}{a_{j}^{-}}, \frac{\frac{1}{c_{i j}}}{a_{j}^{-}})], & j \in Ω_{min}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$ (22) where ${\tilde{\overline{x}}}_{i j}$ denotes the optimal fuzzy performance rank with interval values for alternative i in criterion j: $\begin{matrix} a_{j}^{-} = \sum_{i = 0}^{m} \frac{1}{a_{i j}}, c_{j}^{+} = \sum_{i = 0}^{m} c_{i j}, i = 0, 1, \dots, m . \end{matrix}$

3. Calculation of weighted normalized decision matrix with interval values

At this stage, using the normalized weights obtained by the IVTFN SWARA method and the normalized decision matrix, the weighted normalized decision matrix $\tilde{\hat{X}}$ is defined. $\begin{matrix} \tilde{\hat{X}} = [\begin{array}{ccccc} {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{01} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{0 j} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{0 n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{i 1} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{i j} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{i n} \\ ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{m 1} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{m j} & \dots & {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{m n} \end{array}], i = 0, 1, \dots, m; j = 1, 2, \dots, n . \end{matrix}$ (23) The following equation determines the weighted normalised values of all criteria. $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{i j} = {\tilde{w}}_{j} . {\tilde{x}}_{i j}, i = 0, 1, \dots, m . \end{matrix}$ (24)

4. Calculate the overall performance index for each alternative

The overall performance index for each alternative is calculated by equation (25) $\begin{matrix} {\tilde{S}}_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^{n} {\tilde{\hat{x}}}_{i j}, i = 0, 1, \dots, m, \end{matrix}$ (25) where ${\tilde{S}}_{i}$ denotes the overall performance index for alternative i.

5. Calculate the degree of utility for each alternative

The fuzzy decision result for each alternative is in the form of IVTFN. There exist different defuzzification processes. They may affect the problem solution results. The defuzzification of ${\tilde{S}}_{i}$ is performed using equation (26) $\begin{matrix} S_{i} = \frac{(1 - λ) S_{i l} + λ S_{i l^{'}} + S_{i m} + λ S_{i u^{'}} + (1 - λ) S_{i u}}{5}, λ \in [0, 1] . \end{matrix}$ (26) There λ is a coefficient in the interval $[0, 1]$ . The PMs can give more importance to $S_{i l^{'}}$ and $S_{i u^{'}}$ than $S_{i l}$ and $S_{i u}$ , and vice versa by changing λ coefficient. The utility degree of each alternative is obtained by comparing its value with the ideal value of $S_{0}$ .

Equation (27) represents the utility degree of alternative $A_{i}$ $\begin{matrix} K_{i} = \frac{S_{i}}{S_{0}}, i = 0, 1, \dots, m, \end{matrix}$ (27) where $S_{0}$ and $S_{i}$ are the defuzzified optimal index values obtained from equation (26), and values of $K_{i}$ are in the interval $[0, 1]$ .

6. Alternative ranking and choosing the most effective alternative

At this point, the decision-makers ranked the alternatives based on $K_{i}$ values.

2.2.6 Developing an Evaluation Framework

IoT development in Iran is in its infancy. Besides, IoT related technologies and enablers have not yet evolved and are facing many challenges. Therefore, the scores associated with each of the two dimensions of Sustainability and Challenges of IoT Development were first calculated using a combination of IVTFN SWARA and IVTFN ARAS methods. Then, the scores are normalised into the interval $[0, 1]$ using equation (28) (Zeleny, 1973). $\begin{matrix} s_{i} = \frac{x_{i} - min (x_{i})}{max (x_{i}) - min (x_{i})}, \end{matrix}$ (28) where $x_{i}$ is the score of application i $(i = 1, 2, 3, \dots, 8)$ in the associated dimension and $max / min (x_{i})$ are the most significant and smallest values.

3 Case Study and Results

Iran aims to leverage IoT opportunities in all sectors, including agriculture, to achieve SD goals. Therefore, in November 2016, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, in collaboration with Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, formed joint working groups under the titles of Infrastructure, Remote Sensing, IoT, and Basic Resources, Business Development and Improvement, Training Development and Empowerment, and Governance Platform to implement this technology. As a result, policy-makers formed a team of experts from among the members of these working groups. The applications of IoT in various agricultural areas were identified through reviewing the literature and categorised in eight fields of open-field agriculture (A1), greenhouses (A2), hydroponics and aquaponics (A3), open-air horticulture (A4), livestock farming (A5), fishery and aquaculture (A6), forestry (A7) and distribution and supply networks (A8). The results of each of the steps taken for evaluation are described below.

3.1 Fuzzy Delphi Results

To prioritise the identified agriculture areas for implementing IoT applications based on the two dimensions of SD and the challenges of IoT development, the extracted criteria, which present Tables 1 and 2, were distributed among the experts in Agricultural Research, Education, and development Organization and Research Institute for Information and Communication Technology in the form of a questionnaire to identify the critical criteria. The questionnaire consisted of two sections. The first section evaluated the importance of the requirements extracted from the previous studies. In the second section, experts were asked to suggest other measures that may be effective in evaluation. As shown in Tables 5 and 6, using the FDM, 14 and 22 criteria, respectively, were selected as the final criteria for evaluating the IoT applications based on the experts’ opinions.

Table 5
Final and localised criteria to prioritise alternatives based on SD indicators.

Code Criteria Code Sub-Criteria

C1 Environmental C11 Global warming

C12 Environmental pollutions

C13 Rational use of natural resources

C14 Quality of products

C2 Economic C21 Financial measures and profitability [return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), return on investment (ROI)]

C22 Risk management

C23 Productivity

C3 Social C31 Health and safety and welfare and quality of life (employees and cooperative member)

C32 Reducing farmers migration

C33 Contribution to regional development

C4 Technical C41 Development potential

C42 Eco-friendly technologies

C43 Modern agricultural technologies for yield increase

C44 Technology maturity

Code	Criteria	Code	Sub-Criteria
C1	Environmental	C11	Global warming
		C12	Environmental pollutions
		C13	Rational use of natural resources
		C14	Quality of products
C2	Economic	C21	Financial measures and profitability [return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), return on investment (ROI)]
		C22	Risk management
		C23	Productivity
C3	Social	C31	Health and safety and welfare and quality of life (employees and cooperative member)
		C32	Reducing farmers migration
		C33	Contribution to regional development
C4	Technical	C41	Development potential
		C42	Eco-friendly technologies
		C43	Modern agricultural technologies for yield increase
		C44	Technology maturity

Table 6

Final and localised criteria to prioritise alternatives based on the challenges of IoT development.

Code	Criteria	Code	Sub-Criteria
I1	Technological	I11	Architecture and design
		I12	Interoperability
		I13	Lack of supporting infrastructure
		I14	Data processing power
		I15	Choice of technology
I2	Privacy and security	I21	Transparency
		I22	IoT devices’ safety
		I23	Conflict of interests
I3	Business	I31	Business model
		I32	Investing in IoT development
		I33	Economic development opportunities and issues
		I34	Customer expectations and quality of service
		I35	Heterogeneity of the sector
		I36	Farm sizes and capital investment costs
I4	Legal and regulatory	I41	Data usage
		I42	Cross border data flows and global cooperation
		I43	Liability
		I44	Data ownership and data collection management
		I45	GDPR and IoT
I5	Cultural	I51	Education and training
		I52	Ethics
		I53	Trust

3.2 Results of the IVTFN SWARA Method

In this section, decision-makers used the developed IVTFN SWARA method to determine the weights of the criteria and relevant sub-criteria based on experts’ opinions. Tables 7 and 8 present the results.

As shown in the third column of Table 7, experts ranked the criteria based on their importance in a descending order. Also, the results of the second, third (equation (10)), fourth (equation (11)), and fifth (equation (12)) steps of the IVTFN SWARA method are presented in columns 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Table 7, respectively. Besides, the final weights of the criteria were normalised after the integration steps using the geometric mean, and are shown in Table 8.

Table 7
Calculating the weight of the first expert’s criteria.

Criterion Code Experts’ opinion Comparative importance of average value ${\tilde{S}}_{j}$ Coefficient ${\tilde{k}}_{j} = {\tilde{S}}_{j} + 1$ Recalculated weight ${\tilde{q}}_{j}$ Weight $({\tilde{w}}_{j})$

Sustainable development C2 – – [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(0.39, 0.41), 0.44, (0.46, 0.47)]

C1 LI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.61, 0.63), 0.67, (0.71, 0.74)] [(0.24, 0.26), 0.29, (0.33, 0.35)]

C3 EI [(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)] [(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)] [(0.32, 0.33), 0.35, (0.4, 0.42)] [(0.13, 0.13), 0.15, (0.18, 0.2)]

C4 VLI [(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)] [(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)] [(0.22, 0.23), 0.27, (0.33, 0.37)] [(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.17)]

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

C41 – – [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(0.42, 0.44), 0.47, (0.48, 0.48)]

C43 EI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.53, 0.53), 0.53, (0.56, 0.57)] [(0.22, 0.23), 0.25, (0.27, 0.28)]

C44 LI [(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)] [(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)] [(0.32, 0.33), 0.35, (0.4, 0.42)] [(0.14, 0.14), 0.16, (0.19, 0.2)]

C42 VLI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.22, 0.23), 0.27, (0.33, 0.37)] [(0.09, 0.1), 0.13, (0.16, 0.18)]

Internet of things challenges I2 – – [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(0.31, 0.33), 0.36, (0.39, 0.41)]

I4 VLI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.69, 0.71), 0.77, (0.83, 0.87)] [(0.22, 0.24), 0.28, (0.33, 0.36)]

I3 MOL [(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)] [(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)] [(0.37, 0.4), 0.45, (0.52, 0.56)] [(0.12, 0.13), 0.16, (0.21, 0.23)]

I1 LI [(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)] [(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)] [(0.23, 0.25), 0.3, (0.37, 0.42)] [(0.07, 0.08), 0.11, (0.15, 0.17)]

I5 VLI [(0.35, 0.4), 0.5, (0.6, 0.65)] [(1.35, 1.4), 1.5, (1.6, 1.65)] [(0.16, 0.18), 0.23, (0.31, 0.36)] [(0.05, 0.06), 0.08, (0.12, 0.15)]

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

I53 – – [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)] [(0.48, 0.5), 0.52, (0.53, 0.53)]

I52 EI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.53, 0.53), 0.53, (0.56, 0.57)] [(0.25, 0.26), 0.27, (0.29, 0.3)]

I51 VLI [(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)] [(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)] [(0.36, 0.38), 0.4, (0.46, 0.5)] [(0.18, 0.19), 0.21, (0.24, 0.26)]

	Criterion Code	Experts’ opinion	Comparative importance of average value ${\tilde{S}}_{j}$	Coefficient ${\tilde{k}}_{j} = {\tilde{S}}_{j} + 1$	Recalculated weight ${\tilde{q}}_{j}$	Weight $({\tilde{w}}_{j})$
Sustainable development	C2	–	–	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(0.39, 0.41), 0.44, (0.46, 0.47)]
C1	LI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.61, 0.63), 0.67, (0.71, 0.74)]	[(0.24, 0.26), 0.29, (0.33, 0.35)]
C3	EI	[(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)]	[(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)]	[(0.32, 0.33), 0.35, (0.4, 0.42)]	[(0.13, 0.13), 0.15, (0.18, 0.2)]
C4	VLI	[(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)]	[(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)]	[(0.22, 0.23), 0.27, (0.33, 0.37)]	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.17)]
⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
C41	–	–	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(0.42, 0.44), 0.47, (0.48, 0.48)]
C43	EI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.53, 0.53), 0.53, (0.56, 0.57)]	[(0.22, 0.23), 0.25, (0.27, 0.28)]
C44	LI	[(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)]	[(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)]	[(0.32, 0.33), 0.35, (0.4, 0.42)]	[(0.14, 0.14), 0.16, (0.19, 0.2)]
C42	VLI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.22, 0.23), 0.27, (0.33, 0.37)]	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.13, (0.16, 0.18)]
Internet of things challenges	I2	–	–	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(0.31, 0.33), 0.36, (0.39, 0.41)]
I4	VLI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.69, 0.71), 0.77, (0.83, 0.87)]	[(0.22, 0.24), 0.28, (0.33, 0.36)]
I3	MOL	[(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)]	[(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)]	[(0.37, 0.4), 0.45, (0.52, 0.56)]	[(0.12, 0.13), 0.16, (0.21, 0.23)]
I1	LI	[(0.1, 0.1), 0.1, (0.2, 0.25)]	[(1.1, 1.1), 1.1, (1.2, 1.25)]	[(0.23, 0.25), 0.3, (0.37, 0.42)]	[(0.07, 0.08), 0.11, (0.15, 0.17)]
I5	VLI	[(0.35, 0.4), 0.5, (0.6, 0.65)]	[(1.35, 1.4), 1.5, (1.6, 1.65)]	[(0.16, 0.18), 0.23, (0.31, 0.36)]	[(0.05, 0.06), 0.08, (0.12, 0.15)]
⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
I53	–	–	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(1, 1), 1, (1, 1)]	[(0.48, 0.5), 0.52, (0.53, 0.53)]
I52	EI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.53, 0.53), 0.53, (0.56, 0.57)]	[(0.25, 0.26), 0.27, (0.29, 0.3)]
I51	VLI	[(0.15, 0.2), 0.3, (0.4, 0.45)]	[(1.15, 1.2), 1.3, (1.4, 1.45)]	[(0.36, 0.38), 0.4, (0.46, 0.5)]	[(0.18, 0.19), 0.21, (0.24, 0.26)]

Table 8

Final Normalised weights.

	Criterion Code	Expert 1	Expert 2	Expert 3	Aggregated based on the geometric mean	Normalised final weights
Sustainable development	C1	[(0.24, 0.26), 0.29, (0.33, 0.35)]	[(0.42, 0.43), 0.46, (0.48, 0.49)]	[(0.24, 0.26), 0.29, (0.31, 0.33)]	[(0.29, 0.3), 0.34, (0.37, 0.38)]	[(0.26, 0.28), 0.35, (0.42, 0.46)]
	C2	[(0.39, 0.41), 0.44, (0.46, 0.47)]	[(0.23, 0.24), 0.27, (0.3, 0.32)]	[(0.45, 0.46), 0.49, (0.5, 0.51)]	[(0.34, 0.36), 0.38, (0.41, 0.42)]	[(0.3, 0.33), 0.4, (0.47, 0.51)]
	C3	[(0.13, 0.13), 0.15, (0.18, 0.2)]	[(0.14, 0.15), 0.18, (0.21, 0.23)]	[(0.07, 0.07), 0.08, (0.1, 0.11)]	[(0.11, 0.11), 0.13, (0.16, 0.17)]	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.13, (0.18, 0.21)]
	C4	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.17)]	[(0.07, 0.08), 0.09, (0.12, 0.13)]	[(0.13, 0.14), 0.15, (0.17, 0.19)]	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.16)]	[(0.08, 0.09), 0.12, (0.17, 0.2)]
	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
	C41	[(0.42, 0.44), 0.47, (0.48, 0.48)]	[(0.25, 0.26), 0.27, (0.29, 0.29)]	[(0.24, 0.25), 0.28, (0.31, 0.33)]	[(0.29, 0.31), 0.33, (0.35, 0.36)]	[(0.07, 0.08), 0.09, (0.1, 0.11)]
	C42	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.13, (0.16, 0.18)]	[(0.13, 0.14), 0.14, (0.16, 0.17)]	[(0.13, 0.13), 0.15, (0.17, 0.19)]	[(0.12, 0.12), 0.14, (0.16, 0.18)]	[(0.03, 0.03), 0.04, (0.05, 0.05)]
	C43	[(0.22, 0.23), 0.25, (0.27, 0.28)]	[(0.48, 0.49), 0.51, (0.51, 0.51)]	[(0.07, 0.07), 0.09, (0.11, 0.12)]	[(0.19, 0.2), 0.22, (0.25, 0.26)]	[(0.05, 0.05), 0.06, (0.07, 0.08)]
	C44	[(0.14, 0.14), 0.16, (0.19, 0.2)]	[(0.07, 0.07), 0.07, (0.09, 0.1)]	[(0.44, 0.46), 0.48, (0.5, 0.51)]	[(0.16, 0.17), 0.18, (0.2, 0.21)]	[(0.04, 0.04), 0.05, (0.06, 0.07)]
Internet of things challenges	I1	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.17)]	[(0.07, 0.08), 0.09, (0.12, 0.13)]	[(0.13, 0.14), 0.15, (0.17, 0.19)]	[(0.09, 0.1), 0.12, (0.15, 0.16)]	[(0.09, 0.11), 0.15, (0.22, 0.26)]
	I2	[(0.31, 0.33), 0.36, (0.39, 0.41)]	[(0.06, 0.06), 0.08, (0.1, 0.12)]	[(0.06, 0.07), 0.08, (0.09, 0.1)]	[(0.1, 0.11), 0.13, (0.16, 0.17)]	[(0.1, 0.12), 0.17, (0.23, 0.27)]
	I3	[(0.12, 0.13), 0.16, (0.21, 0.23)]	[(0.21, 0.22), 0.24, (0.26, 0.27)]	[(0.42, 0.43), 0.46, (0.48, 0.48)]	[(0.22, 0.23), 0.26, (0.29, 0.31)]	[(0.22, 0.25), 0.33, (0.43, 0.5)]
	I4	[(0.22, 0.24), 0.28, (0.33, 0.36)]	[(0.07, 0.08), 0.09, (0.12, 0.13)]	[(0.23, 0.24), 0.27, (0.3, 0.31)]	[(0.15, 0.16), 0.19, (0.22, 0.24)]	[(0.15, 0.18), 0.24, (0.33, 0.39)]
	I5	[(0.05, 0.06), 0.08, (0.12, 0.15)]	[(0.12, 0.12), 0.14, (0.16, 0.17)]	[(0.04, 0.04), 0.05, (0.07, 0.08)]	[(0.06, 0.07), 0.08, (0.11, 0.12)]	[(0.06, 0.07), 0.11, (0.16, 0.2)]
	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
	I51	[(0.18, 0.19), 0.21, (0.24, 0.26)]	[(0.27, 0.28), 0.29, (0.31, 0.32)]	[(0.49, 0.5), 0.52, (0.54, 0.55)]	[(0.28, 0.29), 0.31, (0.34, 0.36)]	[(0.05, 0.06), 0.07, (0.09, 0.1)]
	I52	[(0.25, 0.26), 0.27, (0.29, 0.3)]	[(0.15, 0.15), 0.17, (0.19, 0.2)]	[(0.14, 0.15), 0.18, (0.21, 0.23)]	[(0.17, 0.18), 0.2, (0.23, 0.24)]	[(0.03, 0.04), 0.05, (0.06, 0.07)]
	I53	[(0.48, 0.5), 0.52, (0.53, 0.53)]	[(0.52, 0.53), 0.54, (0.55, 0.55)]	[(0.26, 0.28), 0.3, (0.34, 0.35)]	[(0.4, 0.42), 0.44, (0.46, 0.47)]	[(0.08, 0.08), 0.1, (0.12, 0.13)]

Table 9 presents the weights of criteria after the defuzzification process, which is based on equation (13). As shown in Table 9, economic (C1) and business (I3) were determined as the most important main criteria for the SD and IoT development challenges criteria, respectively. In addition, the most important sub-criteria can be considered, respectively, as follows: Financial measures and profitability (C21), productivity (C23), and contribution to regional development (C33) for SD criteria and trust (I53), transparency (I21), and education and training (I51) for IoT development challenges criteria.

Table 9

The final weights of SD and IoT development challenges criteria based on experts’ opinion.

SD Criteria	Global weights	IoT development challenges criteria	Global weights
Environmental (C1)	0.3525	Technological (I1)	0.1655
Global warming (C11)	0.0287	Architecture and design (I11)	0.038
Environmental pollutions (C12)	0.0747	Interoperability (I12)	0.0314
Rational use of natural resources (C13)	0.0925	Lack of supporting infrastructure (I13)	0.038
Quality of products (C14)	0.0591	Data processing power (I14)	0.0417
Economic (C2)	0.401	Choice of technology (I15)	0.0422
Financial measures and profitability (C21)	0.1122	Privacy and security (I2)	0.1785
Risk management (C22)	0.0527	Transparency (I21)	0.0934
Productivity (C23)	0.1016	IoT devices’ safety (I22)	0.0701
Social (C3)	0.1427	Conflict of interests (I23)	0.0616
Health and safety and welfare and quality of life (C31)	0.0963	Business (I3)	0.346
Reducing farmers migration (C32)	0.0611	Business model (I31)	0.0439
Contribution to regional development (C33)	0.0993	Investing in IoT development (I32)	0.0414
Technical (C4)	0.1321	Economic development opportunities and issues (I33)	0.0309
Development potential (C41)	0.0893	Customer expectations and quality of service (I34)	0.0294
Eco-friendly technologies (C42)	0.0395	Heterogeneity of the sector (I35)	0.0166
Modern agricultural technologies for yield increase (C43)	0.0614	Farm sizes and capital investment costs (I36)	0.0261
Technology maturity (44)	0.0507	Legal and regulatory (I4)	0.2577
		Data usage (I41)	0.0549
		Cross border data flows and global cooperation (I42)	0.0288
		Liability (I43)	0.0509
		Data ownership and data collection management (I44)	0.0472
		GDPR and IoT (I45)	0.0334
		Cultural (I5)	0.1197
		Education and training (I51)	0.0738
		Ethics (I52)	0.0479
		Trust (I53)	0.1011

3.3 Results of the IVTFN ARAS Method

In this section, the final weight obtained from the SWARA method (Table 8) are used as inputs to the IVTFN ARAS technique. The results of the IVTFN ARAS method to rate the alternatives based on the two dimensions of SD and the challenges of IoT development. The following describes the calculation details of each step.

The decision matrix and the optimal performance rating of each criterion are calculated based on the equation (14) and using the final weights of the two dimensions of SD and IoT development challenges and the expert opinions (see Appendix A). Decision-makers after creating the integrated decision matrix for the two dimensions of SD and the challenges of IoT development calculated the normalised decision matrix and the weighted normalised decision matrix using equations (22) and (23) (see Appendix A).

After calculating the overall performance index for each alternative ( $S i$ ) based on equation (25) presented in the second column of Tables 10 (SD Dimension) and 11 (IoT development challenges dimension), the process of defuzzification based on different values of y was performed using equation (26). Finally, decision-makers used equation (27) to calculate the utility level of each alternative.

Table 10
Final ranking for different values of y (SD criteria).

Ideal ${\tilde{S}}_{i}$ $y = 0$ $y = 0.5$ $y = 1$

BNP K Rank BNP K Rank BNP K Rank

A [(0.0144, 0.0185), 0.0303, (0.0482, 0.0613)] 0.0212 1 0 0.0203 1 0 0.0194 1 0

A1 [(0.008, 0.0105), 0.0177, (0.0326, 0.0436)] 0.0139 0.6535 6 0.0130 0.6412 6 0.0122 0.6278 6

A2 [(0.0102, 0.0126), 0.0191, (0.0353, 0.0469)] 0.0152 0.7193 2 0.0143 0.7053 2 0.0134 0.6901 3

A3 [(0.0091, 0.0115), 0.0181, (0.0333, 0.0443)] 0.0143 0.6753 5 0.0134 0.6623 5 0.0126 0.6482 5

A4 [(0.0095, 0.0121), 0.0198, (0.0352, 0.0464)] 0.0151 0.7143 3 0.0143 0.7037 3 0.0134 0.6921 2

A5 [(0.0073, 0.0093), 0.0148, (0.0284, 0.0385)] 0.0121 0.5725 7 0.0113 0.5579 7 0.0105 0.5419 7

A6 [(0.0073, 0.0093), 0.0146, (0.0284, 0.0385)] 0.0121 0.5701 8 0.0113 0.5554 8 0.0105 0.5392 8

A7 [(0.0107, 0.0141), 0.0235, (0.041, 0.0535)] 0.0176 0.8282 1 0.0166 0.8198 1 0.0157 0.8106 1

A8 [(0.009, 0.0115), 0.0186, (0.0333, 0.0443)] 0.0144 0.6778 4 0.0135 0.6662 4 0.0127 0.6535 4

Ideal	${\tilde{S}}_{i}$	$y = 0$	$y = 0.5$	$y = 1$
A	[(0.0144, 0.0185), 0.0303, (0.0482, 0.0613)]	0.0212	1	0	0.0203	1	0	0.0194	1	0
A1	[(0.008, 0.0105), 0.0177, (0.0326, 0.0436)]	0.0139	0.6535	6	0.0130	0.6412	6	0.0122	0.6278	6
A2	[(0.0102, 0.0126), 0.0191, (0.0353, 0.0469)]	0.0152	0.7193	2	0.0143	0.7053	2	0.0134	0.6901	3
A3	[(0.0091, 0.0115), 0.0181, (0.0333, 0.0443)]	0.0143	0.6753	5	0.0134	0.6623	5	0.0126	0.6482	5
A4	[(0.0095, 0.0121), 0.0198, (0.0352, 0.0464)]	0.0151	0.7143	3	0.0143	0.7037	3	0.0134	0.6921	2
A5	[(0.0073, 0.0093), 0.0148, (0.0284, 0.0385)]	0.0121	0.5725	7	0.0113	0.5579	7	0.0105	0.5419	7
A6	[(0.0073, 0.0093), 0.0146, (0.0284, 0.0385)]	0.0121	0.5701	8	0.0113	0.5554	8	0.0105	0.5392	8
A7	[(0.0107, 0.0141), 0.0235, (0.041, 0.0535)]	0.0176	0.8282	1	0.0166	0.8198	1	0.0157	0.8106	1
A8	[(0.009, 0.0115), 0.0186, (0.0333, 0.0443)]	0.0144	0.6778	4	0.0135	0.6662	4	0.0127	0.6535	4

Table 11

Final ranking for different values of y (IoT development challenges criteria).

Ideal	${\tilde{S}}_{i}$	$y = 0$			$y = 0.5$			$y = 1$
		BNP	K	Rank	BNP	K	Rank	BNP	K	Rank
		A	[(0.011, 0.0148), 0.027, (0.0504, 0.0696)]	0.0215	1	0	0.02	1	0	0.0184	1	0
A1	[(0.014, 0.0188), 0.0264, (0.0346, 0.0685)]	0.0218	1.0128	2	0.0189	0.9449	2	0.016	0.8658	2
A2	[(0.0102, 0.0138), 0.0188, (0.0361, 0.0671)]	0.0192	0.8938	6	0.0165	0.8251	5	0.0137	0.7451	4
A3	[(0.0103, 0.0138), 0.0184, (0.0347, 0.0658)]	0.0189	0.8786	8	0.0161	0.8078	8	0.0134	0.7252	8
A4	[(0.0123, 0.0157), 0.0205, (0.0312, 0.0648)]	0.0195	0.9076	3	0.0165	0.8261	4	0.0135	0.7311	6
A5	[(0.0122, 0.0157), 0.0176, (0.0336, 0.0654)]	0.0191	0.8857	7	0.0162	0.8118	7	0.0134	0.7255	7
A6	[(0.0123, 0.0156), 0.0193, (0.033, 0.0648)]	0.0193	0.8963	5	0.0164	0.822	6	0.0136	0.7353	5
A7	[(0.0137, 0.0166), 0.0208, (0.0327, 0.0624)]	0.0194	0.9007	4	0.0167	0.8356	3	0.014	0.7596	3
A8	[(0.0181, 0.0232), 0.0294, (0.0339, 0.0705)]	0.0236	1.0977	1	0.0205	1.0241	1	0.0173	0.9383	1

3.4 Results of the Evaluation Framework

Given the underdeveloped nature of IoT and its challenges and the necessity of choosing solutions that are more attractive from an SD perspective, in this study, a framework based on MADM methods is presented to select the best areas for implementing IoT solutions in the agriculture sector taking into account the two dimensions of SD goals and the challenges of IoT development. Figure 6 outlines this conceptual framework used to analyse better the different areas of the agriculture sector based on a portfolio approach. Table 12 shows the results of ratings based on the two dimensions of SD and IoT challenges that are as inputs to the evaluation framework. Figure 6 illustrates the results of the implementation of the evaluation framework inspired by the portfolio management approach after normalising the ratings. As this figure shows; A8 and A1 areas, respectively, play an essential role in achieving SD goals. Distribution and supply networks (A8) play a crucial role in efficiently managing agricultural products so that farmers can gain profit (Elijah et al., 2018; Nukala et al., 2016). Since Iran today faces pressing problems such as water crisis and soil poverty, the implementation and development of IoT solutions in A8 and A1 can largely overcome issues in the agriculture sector. According to experts, these areas also face fewer challenges in terms of implementing IoT applications. Therefore, policy-makers should consider these areas as top priorities in implementing IoT-based solutions.

Like the A2, A4 and A7 areas face more challenges, with appropriate risk management; these areas could be considered as other priorities in implementing IoT solutions.

Finally, A3, A5 and A6 should be considered as the areas with the least priority for implementing IoT solutions.

Table 12
Calculations related to the normalisation of ratings into the interval $[0, 1]$ .

Code $K_{i}$ based on IVTFN SWARA and IVTFN ARAS method Normalising the $K_{i}$ to the $[0, 1]$ Interval

SD IoT Challenges SD IoT Challenges

A1 0.6278 0.8658 0.3264 0.6598

A2 0.6901 0.7451 0.5561 0.0934

A3 0.6482 0.7252 0.4016 0

A4 0.6921 0.7311 0.5635 0.0277

A5 0.5419 0.7255 0.0099 0.0014

A6 0.5392 0.7353 0 0.0474

A7 0.8106 0.7596 1 0.1614

A8 0.6535 0.9383 0.4213 1

Code	$K_{i}$ based on IVTFN SWARA and IVTFN ARAS method	Normalising the $K_{i}$ to the $[0, 1]$ Interval
A1	0.6278	0.8658	0.3264	0.6598
A2	0.6901	0.7451	0.5561	0.0934
A3	0.6482	0.7252	0.4016	0
A4	0.6921	0.7311	0.5635	0.0277
A5	0.5419	0.7255	0.0099	0.0014
A6	0.5392	0.7353	0	0.0474
A7	0.8106	0.7596	1	0.1614
A8	0.6535	0.9383	0.4213	1

Fig. 6

Rating agricultural areas for implementation of IoT applications based on the evaluation framework.

4 Conclusions

Today, the IoT is capable of empowering the agriculture sector to overcome challenges such as food security, food safety, overuse of the environment and its detrimental effects, supply chain inefficiency, and the loss of agricultural products during transport by providing solutions consistent with the goals of SD. Policy-makers always need to pay attention to various factors and criteria when selecting to implement the right decision. Some of the elements are inconsistent, so decision-makers evaluating them face inherent uncertainties, and in most cases, due to the lack of sufficient information, rely on expert opinions. In this context, policy-making, especially for new technologies, requires a coherent and scientific framework. Therefore, in this research, to support PMs for the implementation of IoT applications to achieve sustainable agriculture, the MADM framework is proposed to rate the IoT application in each agricultural areas based on two dimensions of SD and the challenges of implementing IoT. Besides, an evaluation framework finalises the evaluation of alternatives based on these two dimensions. For this purpose, the criteria and sub-criteria were extracted from the literature and experts selected them to solve FDM problem. In the next step, the developed IVTFN SWARA method and IVTFN ARAS method weighted the criteria and rated the alternatives. Later, the rating results based on two dimensions of SD (attractiveness) and challenges of IoT development were as inputs of a portfolio approach. Finally, PMs prioritised the alternatives.

Furthermore, an empirical case elicited from the agriculture sector in Iran is used to demonstrate the procedures of this framework. According to the experts, in terms of SD, economic criteria, and profitability criteria were selected as the most important criteria and sub-criteria, respectively. In terms of IoT development challenges, the business model and transparency criteria were chosen as the most important criteria and sub-criteria, respectively. Finally, according to the evaluation framework, the areas of forestry, greenhouse, open-air horticulture, hydroponics and aquaponics, supply and distribution networks, open-field agriculture, livestock farming, and fishery and aquaculture were respectively rated. Based on the results of the evaluation, distribution and supply networks and open-field agriculture are the most critical areas for the IoT challenges, followed by greenhouses, open-air horticulture and forestry. Accordingly, hydroponics and aquaponics, livestock farming and fishery and aquaculture areas have the lowest priority, respectively.

The proposed framework has several innovations. First, using Meta-Synthesis Method, new classifications for different IoT applications in agriculture are introduced. Second, using literature review, challenges of the Internet of Things and its benefits from a sustainable development perspective are identified and categorized. Third, the proposed framework uses the new extension IVTFN SWARA method to obtain the weight of criteria. Fourth, using proposed decision-making matrix, decision-makers will be able to select high-priority IoT applications in agriculture. Finally, the proposed framework can be useful for national policy-makers to raise awareness and, therefore, implement the applications of IoT in the field of agriculture.

One of the limitations of this study was the overlap of different agricultural areas, which prevented the accurate evaluation of the IoT solutions. Besides, due to the specialised nature of IoT applications in the agricultural sector, some experts are not able to evaluate all alternatives accurately and, therefore, were excluded from the evaluation process. However, the use of hesitant sets could be considered by researchers in future research to overcome the uncertainty of decisions. Besides, due to the multitude of criteria and sub-criteria related to the two dimensions of SD and the challenges of IoT development, it was not possible to examine the relationships between the criteria and sub-criteria. In future research, the authors suggest to consider the interactions between criteria and weight the criteria using methods such as ANP, DANP, or ISM. The proposed framework also has the potential for other sectors.

Footnotes

Initial Data for Evaluation and Selection of IoT Applications

Table 18

Weighted normalised decision matrix based on IoT development challenges criteria.

Code	I11	I12	I13	I14	I15	$\dots$	I51	I52	I53
Sign	+	+	+	+	+	$\dots$	+	+	+
	[(0.09, 0.11), 0.15, (0.22, 0.26)]					$\dots$	[(0.06, 0.07), 0.11, (0.16, 0.2)]
Weight	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.02, \\ 0.03), \\ 0.04, \\ (0.05, \\ 0.06) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.02, \\ 0.02), \\ 0.03, \\ (0.04, \\ 0.05) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.02, \\ 0.03), \\ 0.04, \\ (0.05, \\ 0.06) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.03, \\ 0.03), \\ 0.04, \\ (0.05, \\ 0.06) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.03, \\ 0.03), \\ 0.04, \\ (0.05, \\ 0.06) \end{array}$	$\dots$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.05, \\ 0.06), \\ 0.07, \\ (0.09, \\ 0.1) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.03, \\ 0.04), \\ 0.05, \\ (0.06, \\ 0.07) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.08, \\ 0.08), \\ 0.1, \\ (0.12, \\ 0.13) \end{array}$
X0	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0012, \\ 0.0015), \\ 0.0022, \\ (0.0038, \\ 0.005) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0008, \\ 0.001), \\ 0.0014, \\ (0.0024, \\ 0.0031) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0004, \\ (0.0012, \\ 0.0019) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0002, \\ 0.0004), \\ 0.0008, \\ (0.0016, \\ 0.0023) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0003, \\ 0.0004), \\ 0.0009, \\ (0.0018, \\ 0.0025) \end{array}$	$\dots$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0003, \\ 0.0004), \\ 0.0008, \\ (0.0019, \\ 0.0029) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0002, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0005, \\ (0.0012, \\ 0.0018) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0003, \\ 0.0004), \\ 0.0009, \\ (0.0022, \\ 0.0033) \end{array}$
A1	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0024, \\ 0.0032), \\ 0.006, \\ (0.0071, \\ 0.0085) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0011, \\ 0.0012), \\ 0.0017, \\ (0.0027, \\ 0.0035) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0004, \\ (0.001, \\ 0.0017) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0005, \\ (0.0011, \\ 0.0017) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0002, \\ (0.0006, \\ 0.001) \end{array}$	$\dots$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.001, \\ 0.0017) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.0009, \\ 0.0014) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0002, \\ 0.0003), \\ 0.0007, \\ (0.0018, \\ 0.0027) \end{array}$
⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮	⋮
A7	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0032, \\ 0.0037), \\ 0.0055, \\ (0.0071, \\ 0.0087) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0019, \\ 0.0023), \\ 0.0033, \\ (0.0043, \\ 0.0053) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.001, \\ 0.0015) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.0008, \\ 0.0012) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0002, \\ (0.0005, \\ 0.0009) \end{array}$	$\dots$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.001, \\ 0.0017) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0002, \\ (0.0007, \\ 0.0012) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0003, \\ 0.0004), \\ 0.0008, \\ (0.002, \\ 0.003) \end{array}$
A8	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0024, \\ 0.0032), \\ 0.006, \\ (0.0071, \\ 0.0085) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0015, \\ 0.0018), \\ 0.0028, \\ (0.0038, \\ 0.0046) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.0008, \\ 0.0014) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0002, \\ (0.0006, \\ 0.001) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0002), \\ 0.0004, \\ (0.0009, \\ 0.0014) \end{array}$	$\dots$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0002, \\ 0.0003), \\ 0.0007, \\ (0.0018, \\ 0.0028) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0001, \\ 0.0001), \\ 0.0003, \\ (0.0008, \\ 0.0013) \end{array}$	$\begin{array}{l} [(0.0002, \\ 0.0003), \\ 0.0007, \\ (0.0017, \\ 0.0027) \end{array}$

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(2020). Evaluation of the expediency of technology commercialization: a case of information technology and biotechnology. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 26(1), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2020.11918.

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Zeng

Peng

Baležentis

Streimikiene

(2019). Prioritization of low-carbon suppliers based on Pythagorean fuzzy group decision making with self-confidence level. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32(1), 1073–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1615971.

		(Wang et al., 2019a)	(Scharfy et al., 2017)	(Cardoso et al., 2018)	(Veisi et al., 2016)	(Chiou et al., 2005)	(Quaddus and Siddique, 2001)	(Marcis et al., 2019)	(Zahm et al., 2008)	(Rezaei-Moghaddam and Karami, 2008)	(Velten et al., 2015)	(Poursaeed et al., 2010)	(Fatemi and Rezaei-Moghaddam, 2019)	(Liu et al., 2019)	(Khishtandar et al., 2017)
	Weighting method	FAHP	AHP	CRITIC	AHP	FAHP	AHP	–	–	AHP	–	AHP	AHP	FAHP	HFLTS
	Selection method	VIKOR	MAVT	PROMETHEE-II	AHP	FAHP	AHP	–	–	AHP	–	AHP	AHP	FTOPSIS	MAMCA
	Criteria extraction method	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	IDEA	L*	L*	L	L	L	L
Environmental	Global warming	∘		∘											∘
	Environmental pollution		∘	∘	∘		∘	∘	∘	∘	∘		∙	∘	∘
	Rational use of natural resources		∘	∘	∘		∘		∘	∙	∘		∙	∘
	Biodiversity		∙						∘				∙		∙
	Development of clean energy extraction												∙
	Ecologic resilience								∙				∙
	Non-renewable resource recycling (Waste management)						∙	∘	∘				∙
	Quality of products				∙		∘		∘
	Animal well-being								∘		∙
	Harmony with nature										∙
Economic	Financial measures and profitability [return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), return on investment (ROI)]	∘		∘			∘	∙			∘
	Saving of fossil fuel energy		∙
	Investment costs	∘	∙				∘
	Amortisation time		∙
	Life cycle costs		∙
	Economic dependency on natural resources												∙
	Employment	∙		∙		∙	∙		∘	∙			∙
	Economic growth								∘		∘		∙
	Combination of resource possession systems												∙
	Risk management												∙
	Productivity				∙	∙	∙	∘		∙
Social	Social acceptability	∙	∘			∙	∘				∙
	Applicability		∙
	Health and safety and welfare and quality of life (employees and cooperative members)		∙	∘	∙		∙	∙	∙	∙	∙		∙	∙
	Improvement of environmental culture and awareness												∙
	Equity and poverty alleviation						∙		∘	∙	∙		∙		∘
	Mutual collaboration and participation		∘			∘	∙	∘	∙		∘		∙
	Education and qualification (employees and cooperative members)						∙	∙	∙		∙		∙
	Cultural preservation										∙
	Reducing farmers migration		∘	∘			∙						∙
	Compatibility with a political, legislative and administrative framework														∙
	Contribution to regional development														∙
Technical	Development potential	∙
	Eco-friendly technologies												∙
	Environmental adaptability												∙
	Modern agricultural technologies for yield increase					∙							∙
	Technology maturity	∙				∙									∙
	∘= is partly or implicitly proposed by the author(s)					∙= is (explicitly) offered by the author(s)

		(Mohammadzadeh et al., 2018)	(Khan and Ismail, 2017)	(Brewster et al., 2017)	(Pivoto et al., 2018)	(Elijah et al., 2018)	(Kamienski et al., 2018)	(Upadhyay et al., 2019)	(Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015)	(Aldowah et al., 2019)	(Diwaker et al., 2019)	(Aswale et al., 2019)	(Akinyoade and Eluwole, 2019)	(Instituto de Normalización, Acreditación, 2018)
	Weighting method	FANP	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Selection Method	FANP	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Criteria extraction method	L	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Technological	Architecture and design	∙						∙
	Interoperability	∙	∘	∙	∘	∙		∙	∙		∘			∙
	Device heterogeneity	∙			∘	∘			∘			∘
	Addressing	∙										∘	∙
	Ubiquitous data management	∙	∘		∘			∙	∙		∘	∙
	Hardware construction	∙										∘
	Fault tolerance	∙				∘			∘		∘	∘
	Lack of supporting infrastructure		∙		∙
	Data processing power			∙
	Choice of technology					∙
	Localisation					∙
	Optimisation of resources					∙					∘
	Precision								∘		∘			∙
	Data volume and scalability								∙		∘			∙
	Internet-connectivity			∙										∙
Privacy and security	Data confidentiality	∙					∘		∙	∙	∙		∘
	Network security	∙	∙				∘	∙	∙	∙	∙		∘
	Transparency	∙
	IoT devices’ safety	∙	∙			∘		∙	∘	∙
	Conflict of interests	∙
	Privacy	∙					∙						∙	∙
	Security vulnerabilities in the overall IoT system													∙
	Identity and access management											∙		∙
Business	Business model	∙		∙		∙
	Investing in IoT development	∙
	Economic development opportunities and issues	∙
	Customer expectations and quality of service	∙							∘
	Heterogeneity of the sector			∙
	Farm sizes and capital investment costs			∙		∙
Legal and regulatory	Data usage	∙
	Standardisation	∙											∙
	Cross border data flows and global cooperation	∙
	Liability	∙
	Data ownership and data collection management	∙		∘		∘
	GDPR and IoT			∘		∘
Cultural	Education and training	∙	∙		∙	∙		∙
	Ethics	∙
	Trust	∙					∙		∙					∙
	Vandalism	∙
	∘= is partly/implicitly proposed by author(s)				∙ = is (explicitly) proposed by author(s)

Application	IoT role	Area
		A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6	A7	A8
		Weather forecasting	Monitoring weather attributes including humidity, temperature, soil moisture, rainfall and the light intensity across the farmland in remote locations and also the weather forecast data	✓		✓
Irrigation management system	Monitoring soil moisture, soil temperature, environmental parameters	✓	✓	✓	✓
Estimation of critical virtual water for irrigation in the district	Monitoring environmental parameters in the districts	✓
Agricultural drought data acquisition	Gathering and monitoring agricultural drought data in real-time	✓
Pump control system	Real-time and remotely monitoring and controlling pumps	✓
Municipal wastewater monitoring and control system for agriculture and gardening application	Real-time pH monitoring and control	✓
Water level monitoring system	Collect, analyse and predict the water level detail, water usage and other information of particular water source from a remote location in real-time	✓
Water quality assessment system	Monitoring water quality attributes including chemicals, pH, and temperature	✓			✓
Disease and pest detection and control	Collect, analyse and predict the disease in leaf, stem and fruit and pests through image processing	✓	✓	✓
Weed detection system	Predict the weeds through image processing and based on related statistical algorithms	✓
Agricultural machinery intelligent scheduling	Considering the factors including weather and crop mature time, computing the smallest distance matrix of all deployment sites and the smallest path matrix relevant, assigning tasks and sorting the task routes	✓
Navigation system for agricultural machines	Navigate automated guided vehicles on a field based on global positioning system and google maps service	✓
Seedbed monitoring	Monitoring environmental parameters of seed breeding including soil temperature, soil humidity, air humidity, light, ambient, and air temperature	✓
Agriculture Market Information System for small-scale farmers	Collecting and monitoring data including product type with image, quality of product with a current close-up picture, current growth stage with image, estimated date of harvest, the estimated quantity of yield, farmers contact, location of the farm/field and distance from the nearest road point	✓
Predictive crop growth models	Stores periodic data collected through environmental and soil parameters, and then Big Data analysis is carried out for providing suggestions to the farmers for crops to be taken on the farmland with peculiar soil properties based on the previous stock of agro products and current requirements in the market	✓		✓
Farm management system	Monitoring soil and environmental parameters	✓	✓	✓	✓
Automatic sorting system	Classification crops by image processing	✓
Waste management	Real-time and continuous acquisition and analysis of decisive variables allow the identification, monitoring, improvement, and optimisation of various components along with the design of the supply chain	✓
Monitoring system to prevent animal attacks	Detect and avoid animal intrusions	✓
Detection and agriculture product theft prevention system	Determining abnormal behaviours by using an image monitoring system	✓
The surveillance system in the agricultural drying process	Monitoring and tracking environmental parameters including temperature and moisture in the agricultural drying process	✓
Satellite monitoring agricultural lands	Collect and analyse information through satellite monitoring	✓
Smart flood disaster prediction system	Real-time monitoring flood attributes including humidity, temperature, pressure, rainfall and river water level	✓
Condition monitoring system	Monitoring environmental parameters including the amount of rainfall, leaf wetness, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, salinity, climate, dry circle, solar radiation, pest movement, human activities	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
Fertilisation System (fertiliser requirement for the current crop)	Monitoring soil condition such as soil moisture, soil temperature and soil pH	✓	✓	✓
Warehousing management	Condition monitoring including temperature and humidity of crops and detection of the presence of any beetles and invader	✓		✓
Energy management	Monitor the status of the small off-grid photovoltaic system consists of a photovoltaic voltage and ampere, battery voltage, and battery current loading	✓	✓				✓
Leisure agriculture intelligent system	Collect and analyse new data about fields and shows out in the website form for tourist	✓
Frost event prediction system	Gather and monitor data including air temperature, air relative humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature that represents the orchard environment			✓
Cattle movement and feed monitoring	Animal tracking and behavioural analysis and monitoring of animals feed					✓
Fire detection system	Monitoring soil and air temperatures and humidity, and the different levels of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, toluene, oxygen, hydrogen, methane, isobutene, ammonia, ethanol, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide					✓		✓
Timber tracing management	Tracking timbers from the forest through the supply chain to the consumer							✓
Tree tracking	Forest identification and tree tracking							✓
Food safety traceability system	Putting a sensor tag on crops to trace its production, processing, wholesale and retail								✓
Management information system	Real-time Tracking of agricultural products in different areas with RFID technology								✓
Real-time pricing mechanism	Real-time pricing by implementing a smart RFID/NFC price tag by identifying food quality features								✓

Linguistic variables for weighting criteria		Linguistic variables for ranking alternatives
Linguistic variables	IVTFN	Linguistic variables	IVTFN
Equally important (EI)	$[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$	Very High (VH)	$[(0.75, 0.8); 0.9; (0.9, 0.9)]$
Moderately less important (MOL)	$[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$	High (H)	$[(0.55, 0.6); 0.7; (0.8, 0.85)]$
Less important (LI)	$[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$	Medium (M)	$[(0.35, 0.4); 0.5; (0.6, 0.65)]$
Very less important (VLI)	$[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$	Low (L)	$[(0.15, 0.2); 0.3; (0.4, 0.45)]$
Much less important (MUL)	$[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$	Very Low (VL)	$[(0.1, 0.1); 0.1; (0.2, 0.25)]$

A New Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Framework for Policy-Makers by Using Interval-Valued Triangular Fuzzy Numbers

Abstract

Keywords

1 Introduction

2.1 Literature Review

3.1 Fuzzy Delphi Results

Footnotes

Initial Data for Evaluation and Selection of IoT Applications

References