Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Although the primary objective of these studies was to investigate stratification processes in multicomponent coatings, such as butyl acrylate/polyurethane (BA/PUR) (© 1999 by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) latex, other objectives include investigation of stepscan photoacoustic (SS-PA) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy depth profiling capability for analysis of multicomponent systems. These studies show that a combination of step-scan photoacoustic and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR spectroscopy can be successfully utilized to elucidate stratification processes in BA/PUR latex as well as in other multicomponent systems. ATR FT-IR experiments revealed the absence of PUR moieties within the first 0.28 μm from the film/air (F-A) interface, a decrease of the BA component, and the appearance of PUR from 0.39 to 2.52 μm. Coalescence of BA/PUR latex at 149 °C affects the distribution of these components by driving PUR deeper into the bulk and BA closer to the surface. SS-PA FT-IR experiments allowed us to monitor stratification processes at greater depths, and in conjunction with phase rotation analysis, show that the BA component stratifies closer to the F-A interface, whereas PUR migrates towards the film/substrate (F-S) interface.

Keywords

Butyl acrylate/polyurethane (BA/PUR) latexes Attenuated total reflectance ATR Fourier transform infrared FT-IR Step-scan photoacoustic spectroscopy SS-PA Stratification processes in coatings Surface depth profiling

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Carlsson

D. J.

and Wiles

D. M

, Macromolecules 4, 173 (1972).

Webb

J. R.

, J. Polym. Sci.; Poly. Chem. Ed. 10, 2335 (1972).

Urban

M. W.

and Evanson

K. W

, Polym. Commun. 31, 279 (1990).

Hirayama

and Urban

M. W

, Prog. Org. Coat. 20, 81 (1992).

Salazar-Rojas

E. M.

and Urban

M. W

, Prog. Org. Coat. 16, 371 (1989).

Ludwig

B. W.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Coat. Technol. 66, 59 (1994).

Ludwig

B. W.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Coat. Technol. 68, 93 (1996).

Kaminski

A. M.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Coat. Technol. 69, 55 (1997).

Kaminski

A. M.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Coat. Technol. 69, 113 (1997).

10.

Evanson

K. W.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42, 2287 (1991).

11.

Evanson

K. W.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42, 2297 (1991).

12.

Niu

B. J.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 56, 377 (1995).

13.

Thorstenson

T. A.

Evanson

K. W.

and Urban

M. W

, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 64, 195 (1991).

14.

Evanson

K. W.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42, 2309 (1991).

15.

Thorstenson

T. A.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47, 1381 (1993).

16.

Thorstenson

T. A.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47, 1387 (1993).

17.

Niu

B. J.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 60, 389 (1996).

18.

Niu

B. J.

and Urban

M. W

, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62, 1903 (1996).

19.

Rosencwaig

and Gersho

, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 64 (1976).

20.

McClelland

J. F.

, Anal. Chem. 55, 89A (1983).

21.

Rosencwaig

, Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980).

22.

Chu

A. P.

Tebelius

L. K.

and Urban

M. W

, Technology for Waterborne Coatings, ACS Symposium Series 663, Glass

J. E.

, Ed. (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1997), Chap. 12.

23.

Pennington

B. D.

and Urban

M. W

, ACS Proc. PMSE 75, 39 (1996).

24.

Urban

M. W.

and Koenig

J. L

, Appl. Spectrosc 40, 994 (1986).

25.

Palmer

R. A.

and Dittmar

R. M

, Thin Solid Films 223, 31 (1993).

26.

Fina

L. J.

, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 29, 309 (1994).

27.

McClelland

J. F.

Bajic

S. J.

Jones

R. W.

and Seaverson

L. M

, Introduction to Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with Step Scan and Constant Scan FTIR Spectrometers (MTEC, Ames, Iowa, 1996).

28.

Urban

M. W.

, Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Polymers: Theory and Practice (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1996).

29.

Jones

R. W.

and McClelland

J. F

, Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 1258 (1996).

30.

Manning

C. J.

Dittmar

R. M.

Palmer

R. A.

and Chao

L. J

, Infrared Phys. 33, 53 (1992).

31.

Bayer Corporation, internal communication, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1996).

32.

Trainor

, Polymer 23, 1108 (1982).

33.

Sandberg

and Backstrom

G. J

, Appl. Polym. Sci. 18, 2123 (1980).

34.

Choy

C. L.

, Polymer 18, 985 (1977).

35.

Kiland

Ryntz

and Urban

M. W

, Polymer (1999), paper in press.

36.

Stegge

and Urban

M. W

, Appl. Spectrosc., paper in press.

37.

Urban

M. W.

, Laboratory Handbook of Organic Coatings (Global Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1999).

38.

Ryntz

, Adhesion to Plastic, Molding and Pointability (Global Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1998).

Stratification of Butyl Acrylate/Polyurethane (BA/PUR) Latexes: ATR and Step-Scan Photoacoustic Studies

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References