Forward Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing as a Detection Method in Liquid Separation Systems: Improving Detection Limits by Means of a Fabry—Perot Interferometer

Abstract

A simple, small, and low-resolution confocal Fabry–Perot interferometer (CFP) has been developed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in forward degenerate four-wave mixing (F-D4WM) detection, coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its appropriateness is based on the difference in coherence between the F-D4WM signal and the background stray light. A detailed description of the specially designed CFP and its performance is presented. The improvement in S/N was calculated from the chromatographic peaks recorded after an HPLC separation of 1- and 2-aminoanthraquinone. The concentration limit of detection (LOD) was improved by a factor of 30; for 1-aminoanthraquinone it was 2 × 10⁻⁸ M injected (corresponding to about 3 × 10⁻⁹ M in the detector cell), which is quite favorable in view of its low molar extinction coefficient being 2000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at the utilized laser wavelength (514.5 nm).