Abstract
The electronic states of diamond-like hydrogenated carbon (DLC) films were studied by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band spectra measured at different excitation energies show the gradual emergence of the p-π band in relation to the sample annealing and ion bombardment amorphization. The p-π band of the annealed DLC was characterized by localized pz states, while the formation of the amorphous carbon surface was accompanied by appearance of the delocalized pz states, which reduce the optical gap. A simple approach permitting the extraction of the 2p band shape from the photoelectron spectra is proposed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Robertson
J.
, Pure Appl. Chem. 66 , 1789 (1994 ).
2.
Jacob
W.
and
Moller
W
, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 , 1771 (1993 ).
3.
Robertson
J.
and
O'Reilly
E. P
, Phys. Rev. B 35 , 2946 (1987 ).
4.
Robertson
J.
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 6 , 212 (1997 ).
5.
Robertson
J.
, Mater. Sci. Eng. 37 , 129 (2002 ).
6.
Weich
G.
Auer
N.
Šimůnek
A.
Vackář
J.
Hammerschmidt
A.
and
Rittmayer
G
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 6 , 944 (1997 ).
7.
McFeely
F. R.
Kowalczyk
S. P.
Ley
L.
Cavell
R. G.
Pollak
R. A.
and
Shirley
D. A
, Phys. Rev. B 9 , 5268 (1974 ).
8.
Chourasia
A. R.
Chopra
D. R.
Sharma
S. C.
Green
M.
Dark
C. A.
and
Hyer
R. C
, Thin Sol. Films 193/194 , 1079 (1990 ).
9.
Sharma
S. C.
Green
M.
Hyer
R. C.
Dark
C. A.
Black
T. D.
Chourasia
A. R.
Chopra
D. R.
and
Mishra
K. K
, J. Mater. Res. 5 , 2425 (1990 ).
10.
Reinke
P.
and
Oelhafen
P
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 7 , 177 (1998 ).
11.
Reinke
P.
and
Oelhafen
P
, Phys. Rev. B 60 , 15772 (1999 ).
12.
Yue
Z. R.
Jiang
W.
Wang
L.
Gardner
S. D.
Pittman
C. U.
Jr.
, Carbon 37 , 1785 (1999 ).
13.
Angleraus
B.
Mubumbila
N.
Tessier
P. Y.
Fernandez
V.
and
Turban
G
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 10 , 1142 (2001 ).
14.
Bhattacharyya
S.
Spaeth
C.
and
Richter
F
, J. Appl. Phys. 89 , 2414 (2001 ).
15.
Franz
G.
Kania
P.
Oelhafen
P.
Schedel-Niedrig
T.
Schlogl
R.
and
Locher
R
, Surf. Sci. 365 , 825 (1996 ).
16.
Reinke
P.
Franz
G.
and
Oelhafen
P
, Thin Solid Films 290–291 , 148 (1996 ).
17.
Schelz
S.
Richmond
T.
Kania
P.
Oelhafen
P.
and
Guntherodt
H.-J
, Surf. Sci. 359 , 227 (1996 ).
18.
Bachmann
P. K.
Eberhardt
W.
Kessler
B.
Lade
H.
Radermacher
K.
Wiecher
D. U.
and
Wilson
H
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 5 , 1378 (1996 ).
19.
Reinke
P.
and
Oelhafen
P
, Phys. Rev. B 56 , 2183 (1997 ).
20.
Ronning
C.
Dreher
E.
Thiele
J.-U.
Oelhafen
P.
and
Hofsass
H
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 6 , 830 (1997 ).
21.
Baumann
P. K.
and
Nemanich
R. J
, Surf. Sci. 409 , 320 (1998 ).
22.
Diederich
L.
Kuttel
O. M.
Ruffieux
P.
Pillo
Th.
Abei
P.
and
Schlapbach
L
, Surf. Sci. 417 , 41 (1998 ).
23.
Bhattacharyya
S.
Cardinaud
C.
and
Turban
G
, J. Appl. Phys. 83 , 4491 (1998 ).
24.
Dieckhoff
S.
Ochs
D.
Gunster
J.
and
Kempter
V
, Surf. Sci. 423 , 53 (1999 ).
25.
Monclus
M. A.
Cameron
D. C.
Chowdhury
A. K. M. S.
Barkley
R.
and
Collins
M
, Thin Solid Films 355–356 , 79 (1999 ).
26.
Turgeon
S.
and
Paynter
R.W
, Thin Solid Films 394 , 44 (2001 ).
27.
Koizumi
S.
Kamo
M.
Sato
Y.
Ozaki
H.
and
Inuzuka
T
, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 , 1065 (1997 ).
28.
Robertson
J.
and
Davis
C. A
, Diamond Relat. Mater. 4 , 441 (1995 ).
29.
Leung
T. Y.
Man
W. F.
Lim
P. K.
Chan
W. C.
Gaspari
F.
and
Zukotynski
S
, J. Non-Crystal. Sol. 254 , 156 (1999 ).
30.
Vašina
R.
Kolařík
V.
Doležal
P.
Mynar
M.
Vondráček
M.
Cháb
V.
Slezáak
J.
Comicioli
C.
and
Prince
K. C
, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 467 –468 , 561 (2001 ).
31.
Tsud
N.
Fabík
S.
Dudr
V.
Vondráček
M.
Cháb
V.
Matolín
V.
and
Prince
K. C
, Surf. Sci. 542 , 112 (2003 ).
32.
Seah
M. P.
and
Dench
W. A
, Surf. Interface Anal. 1 , 2 (1979 ).
33.
Tanuma
S.
Powell
C. J.
and
Penn
D. R
, Surf. Interface Anal. 21 , 165 (1994 ).
34.
Schäfer
J.
Ristein
J.
Graupner
G.
Ley
L.
Stephan
U.
Frauenheim
Th.
Veerasamy
V. S.
Amaratunga
V. A. J.
Weiler
M.
and
Ehrhardt
E
, Phys. Rev. B 53 , 7762 (1996 ).
35.
Salehpour
M. R.
and
Satpahy
S
, Phys. Rev. B 41 , 3048 (1990 ).
36.
Franz
G.
Oelhafen
P. Kania. P.
Schedel-Niedrig
T.
Schlögl
R.
and
Locher
R
, Surf. Sci. 365 , 825 (1996 ).
37.
Wesner
D.
Krummacher
S.
Carr
R.
Sham
T. K.
Strongin
M.
Eberhardt
W.
Weng
S. L.
Williams
G.
Howells
M.
Kampas
F.
Heald
S.
and
Smith
F. W
, Phys. Rev. B 28 , 2152 (1983 ).
38.
Zunger
A.
, Phys. Rev. B 17 , 626 (1978 ).