Intensity Considerations in Liquid Core Optical Fiber Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

This paper develops expressions for the Raman power emitted by liquid core optical fiber (LCOF) sample cells in six simple excitation/collection geometries and the fraction of that power that can be utilized in a conventional Raman spectrometer. From these expressions a “figure of merit” is developed that can be used to predict the relative intensity enhancement provided by LCOFs having different inside diameters and loss characteristics. For the apparatus used here, we show theoretically and experimentally that the figure of merit takes the simple form (αd)⁻¹ where α and d are, respectively, the loss coefficient and inside diameter of the LCOF. Given the varying optical quality of Teflon®-AF LCOFs currently in use, the analysis presented here should be useful in optimizing the performance of LCOF accessories in Raman and related spectroscopic applications.

Keywords

Liquid core optical fibers LCOFs Raman spectroscopy

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Grassmann

, Zeitschrift für Physik 72, 240 (1931).

Cary

H. H.

, U. S. Patent 2,940,355 (1960).

Hawes

R. C.

, U. S. Patent 3,556,659 (1971).

Loader

, Basic Laser Raman Spectroscopy (Heyden and Sons, London, 1970).

Gilson

T. R.

Hendra

P. J.

, Laser Raman Spectroscopy (Wiley, London, 1970).

Walrafen

G. E.

Stone

, Appl. Spectrosc. 26, 585 (1972).

Stone

Walrafen

G. E.

, U. S. Patent 3,770,350 (1973).

Walrafen

G. E.

, Phys. B1. 12, 540 (1974).

Altkorn

R. I.

Koev

Van Duyne

R. P.

Litorja

, Appl. Opt. 36, 8992 (1997).

10.

Altkorn

Koev

Pelletier

M. J.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 53, 1169 (1999).

11.

Pelletier

M. J.

Altkorn

, Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 1837 (2000).

12.

Holtz

Dasgupta

P. K.

Zhang

, Anal. Chem. 71, 2934 (1999).

13.

Song

Liu

Zhelyaskov

El-Sayed

M. A.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 52, 1364 (1998).

14.

Dijkstra

R. J.

Bader

A. N.

Hoornweg

G. P.

Brinkman

U. A. T.

Gooijer

, Anal. Chem. 71, 4575 (1999).

15.

Marquardt

B. J.

Vahey

P. G.

Synovec

R. E.

Burgess

L. W.

, Anal. Chem. 71, 4808 (1999).

16.

Marquardt

B. J.

Turney

K. P.

Burgess

L. W.

, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3860, 239 (1999).

17.

White

J. U.

Alpert

N. L.

DeBell

A. G.

, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 154 (1955).

18.

Walrafen

G. E.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 29, 179 (1975).

19.

Walrafen

G. E.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 31, 295 (1977).

20.

Walrafen

G. E.

, U. S. Patent 4,012,147 (1977).

21.

Altkorn

Koev

Gottlieb

Appl. Spectrosc. 51, 1554 (1997).

22.

IUPAC, Pure Appl. Chem. 67, 1725 (1995).

23.

Schrader

, “Tools for Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy”, in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications, Schrader

Ed. (VCH, Weinheim, 1995), pp. 63–162.

24.

Schrötter

H. W.

Klöckner

H. W.

, “Raman Scattering Cross Sections in Gases and Liquids”, in Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids, Brodersen

Friedman

J. M.

Klöckner

H. W.

Knighten

G. V.

Nibler

J. W.

Rousseau

D. L.

Schrötter

H. W.

Srivastava

R. P.

Weber

Williams

P. F.

Zaidi

H. R.

, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979), pp. 123–166.

25.

Eckhardt

Wagner

W. G.

, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 19, 407 (1966).

26.

Nestor

J. R.

Lippincott

E. R.

, J. Raman Spectrosc. 1, 305 (1973).

27.

Carr

C. I.

Jr. Zinn

B. H.

, J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1616 (1950).

28.

Snyder

A. W.

Love

J. D.

, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1983), p. 27.

29.

Golovkin

S. V.

Gorin

A. M.

Kulichenko

A. V.

Kushnirenko

A. E.

Peresypkin

A. I.

Pyshchev

A. I.

Rykalin

V. I.

Zaichenko

A. A.

, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 305, 385 (1991).

30.

Barbiellini

Martinis

Sangoi

Scuri

, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 72, 481 (1992).

31.

Siegmund

W. P.

Nass

Fabre

J. P.

Flegel

Zacek

Martellotti

Wilquet

, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1737, 2 (1992).