Framed within the psychosocial context of the sport ethic and social-approval goal orientation, this study qualitatively investigated athletes' perceptions of their coaches' involvement in hazing, as well as the role coaches should assume if hazing occurs. Twenty-one athletes volunteered from a number of classes associated with a Midwestern university's health, physical education, and leisure services division. The athletes participated in interviews regarding their involvement in hazing. Data analysis identified a variety of perceptions by participants associated with the coaches' role and actual involvement in team hazing experiences, including taking a proactive stance against hazing and accepting hazing. Implications of these findings to future research relate to the sport ethic, team building, social cohesion, and leadership in the athletic setting.
CarronA. V.BrawleyL. R.WidmeyerW. N., The Measurement of Cohesiveness in Sport Groups, in: DudaJ.L. ed., Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement, Fitness Information Technology, Morgantown, West Virginia, 1998, 213–226.
2.
YukelsonD., Principles of Effective Team Building Interventions in Sport: A Direct Services Approach at Penn State University, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1997, 9, 73–96.
3.
CampoS.PoulosG.SippleJ. W., Prevalence and Profiling: Hazing Among College Students and Points of Intervention, American Journal of Health Behavior, 2005, 29, 137–149.
4.
KeatingC. F.PomerantzJ.PommerS. D.RittS. J. H.MillerL. M.McCormickJ., Going to College and Unpacking Hazing: A Functional Approach to Decrypting Initiation Practices among Undergraduates, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2005, 9, 104–126.
AllanE. J., Hazing and Gender: Analyzing the Obvious, in: NuwerH. ed., The Hazing Reader, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2004, 275–294.
7.
CoakleyJ., Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies, 9th edn., McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2007.
8.
BryshunJ.YoungK., Sport-related Hazing: An Inquiry into Male and Female Involvement, in: WhiteP.YoungK. eds., Sport and Gender in Canada, Oxford University Press, Ontario, 1999, 269–292.
9.
SaboD., The Politics of Sport Injury: Hierarchy, Power, and the Pain Principle, in: YoungK. ed., Sporting Bodies, Damaged Selves: Sociological Studies of Sports-related Injury, Elsevier, Boston, 2004, 59–80.
10.
TrotaB.JohnsonJ., A Brief History of Hazing, in: JohnsonJ.HolmanM. eds., Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing, Canadian Scholars' Press Inc., Toronto, 2004, x–xvi.
CarronA. V.ColmanM. M.WheelerJ.StevensD., Cohesion and Performance in Sport: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2002, 24, 168–188.
14.
BloomG.StevensD.WickwireT., Expert Coaches' Perceptions of Team Building, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2003, 15, 129–143.
15.
KirbyS. L.WintrupG., Running the Gauntlet: An Examination of Initiation/Hazing and Sexual Abuse in Sport, in: BrackenridgeC.FastingK. eds., Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport: International Research and Policy Perspectives, Whiting & Birch, London, 2002, 65–90.
16.
Van RaalteJ. L.CorneliusA. E.LinderD. E.BrewerB. W., The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion, Journal of Sport Behavior, 2007, 30, 491–507.
17.
WaldronJ. J.KowalskiC. L., Crossing the Line: Rites of Passage, Team Aspects, and Ambiguity of Hazing, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2009, 80(2), 291–302.
18.
HooverN. C.PollardN. J., Initiation Rites in American High Schools: A National Survey: Final Report, 2000, retrieved May 15, 2004, from Alfred University Web Site: http://www.alfred.edu/hs_hazing/docs/hazing__study.pdf.
19.
CaperchioneC.HolmanM., Gender Differences in Coaches' Perceptions of Hazing in Intercollegiate Athletics, in: JohnsonJ.HolmanM. eds., Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing, Canadian Scholars' Press Inc., Toronto, 2004, 97–117.
20.
JohnsonJ.DonnellyP., In Their Own Words: Athletic Administrators, Coaches, and Athletes at Two Universities Discuss Hazing Policies, in: JohnsonJ.HolmanM. eds., Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing, Canadian Scholars' Press Inc., Toronto, 2004, 155–175.
21.
HughesR.CoakleyJ., Positive Deviance among Athletes: The Implications of Overconformity to the Sport Ethic, Sociology of Sport Journal, 1991, 8, 307–325.
22.
KenowL.J.WilliamsJ.M., Relationship between Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Evaluation of Coaching Behaviors, The Sport Psychologist, 1992, 6, 344–357.
23.
KenowL.J.WilliamsJ.M., Coach-Athlete Compatibility and Athlete's Perception of Coaching Behaviors, Journal of Sport Behavior, 1999, 22(2), 251–259.
24.
ShortS.E.ShortM.W., Coaches' Assessment of their Coaching Efficacy Compared to Athletes' Perceptions, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2004, 99, 729–736.
25.
WeissM.R.FriedrichsW.D., The Influence of Leader Behaviors, Coach Attributes, and Institutional Variables on Performance and Satisfaction of Collegiate Basketball Teams, Journal of Sport Psychology, 1991, 8, 332–346.
26.
JowettS.ChaundyV., An Investigation into the Impact of Coach Leadership and Coach-Athlete Relationship on Group Cohesion, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2004, 8, 302–311.
27.
PattonM. Q., Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd edn., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2002.
28.
CorbinJ.StraussA. L., Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 3rd edn., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2007.
29.
LindloffT. R., Qualitative Communication Research Methods, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1995.
30.
ScanlanT. K.RavizzaK.SteinG. L., An In-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: I. Introduction to the Project, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1989, 11, 54–64.
31.
DieserR. B., Qualitative Research, in: BaumgartnerT.A.HensleyL.D. eds., Conducting and Reading Research in Health and Human Performance, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2006, 199–219.
32.
WoodyP., Jim Zorn Takes the High Road on Hazing: It's Outta Here, 2008, July, retrieved October, 1, 2008, from Hank Nuwer's hazing prevention blog: http://www.hanknuwer.com/blog/?p=1179.
33.
Redskins Veterans Initiate Ramsey, The Advocate, 2002, August 9, 3–D.
34.
BondyF., Fighting back. Hazing Victim Takes Battle to Court, Daily News (New York), 2004, 82.
35.
TurmanP. D., Coaches and Cohesion: The Impact of Coaching Techniques on Team Cohesion in the Small Group Sport Setting, Journal of Sport Behavior, 2003, 26, 86–103.
36.
GardnerD. E.ShieldsD. L.BredemeierB. J.BostromA., The Relationship Between Perceived Coaching Behaviors and Team Cohesion Among Baseball and Softball Players, The Sport Psychologist, 1996, 10, 367–381.
37.
WestreK.WeissM., The Relationship Between Perceived Coaching Behaviors and Group Cohesion in High School Football Teams, The Sport Psychologist, 1991, 5, 41–54.
