The near and far pressure fields generated by round, isothermal and cold jets of diameter D = 38 mm with Mach numbers varying over the range 0.6 ≤ Mj ≤ 1.6 are investigated experimentally, and characterized in terms of sound spectra and levels. Properties of near-field jet noise, obtained in particular at 7.5 diameters from the jet centerline, are documented. They differ appreciably from properties of far-field noise, and form a database that can be used for the validation of the acoustic fields determined by compressible Navier-Stokes computations. The near pressure fields originating from simulations can thus be directly compared, without resorting to extrapolation methods which might lead to uncertainties in the far pressure fields. In the present paper, sound source localizations are also carried out from the near-field pressure signals. The experiments provide in addition far-field results evaluated at 52 diameters from the nozzle exit, in good agreement with the data of the literature. The classical dependence of jet noise features with the emission angle is observed. The level and frequency scalings of the pressure spectra obtained for subsonic jets in the sideline and downstream directions are also studied. For small radiation angles, the narrow-banded sound spectra measured are found to scale as the Strouhal number, whereas, as previously noted by Zaman & Yu [1], the one-third octave spectra seem to scale as the Helmholtz number.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ZamanK.B.M.Q. and YuJ.C., “Power spectral density of subsonic jet noise,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 98, No. 4, 1985, pp. 519–537.
TamC.K.W., “Jet noise: Since 1952,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 10, 1998, pp. 393–405.
4.
WangM.FreundJ.B., and LeleS.K.“Computational prediction of flow-generated sound,”Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., Vol. 38, 2006, pp. 483–512.
5.
BogeyC.BaillyC., and JuvéD., “Noise investigation of a high subsonic, moderate Reynolds number jet using a compressible LES,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2003, pp. 273–297.
6.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Investigation of downstream and sideline subsonic jet noise using Large Eddy Simulations,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2006, pp. 23–40.
7.
BarréS.BogeyC., and BaillyC., “Computation of the noise radiated by jets with laminar/turbulent nozzle-exit conditions,”AIAA 2006–2443.
8.
BerlandJ.BogeyC., and BaillyC., “Numerical study of screech generation in a planar supersonic jet,”Phys. Fluids., Vol. 19, 2007, in press.
9.
ViswanathanK., “Jet aeroacoustic testing: Issues and implications,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1674–1689.
10.
LyrintzisA.S., “Surface integral methods in computational aeroacoustics-From the (CFD) near-field to the (Acoustic) far-field,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2003, pp. 95–128.
11.
RahierG.PrieurJ.VuillotF.LupoglazoffN., and BiancherinA., “Investigation of integral surface formulations for acoustic predictions of hot jets starting from unsteady simulations,”AIAA 2003–3164.
12.
UzunA.LyrintzisA.S., and BlaisdellG.A., “Coupling of integral acoustics methods with LES for jet noise prediction,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2005, pp. 297–346.
13.
AnderssonN.ErikssonL.-E., and DavidsonL., “Investigation of an isothermal Mach 0.75 jet and its radiated sound using large-eddy simulation and Kirchhoff surface integration,”Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 26, 2005, pp. 393–410.
14.
BrentnerK.S., “Analytical comparison of the acoustic analogy and Kirchhoff formulation for moving surfaces,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1998, pp. 1379–1386.
15.
GloerfeltX.BaillyC., and JuvéD., “Direct computation of the noise radiated by a subsonic cavity flow and application of integral methods,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 266, No. 1, 2003, pp. 119–146.
16.
YuJ.C. and DosanjhD.S., “Noise field of a supersonic Mach 1.5 cold model jet,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 51, No. 5A, 1972, pp. 1400–1410.
17.
TrouttT.R. and McLaughlinD.K., “Experiments on the flow and acoustic properties of a moderate-Reynolds-number supersonic jet,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 116, 1982, pp. 123–156.
18.
ZamanK.B.M.Q., “Flow field and near and far sound field of a subsonic jet,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 106, No. 1, 1986, pp. 1–16.
19.
UkeileyL.S. and PontonM.K., “On the near field pressure of a transonic axisymmetric jet,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2004, pp. 43–66.
20.
NarayananS.BarberT.J., and PolakD.R., “High subsonic jet experiments: Turbulence and noise generation studies,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2002, pp. 430–437.
21.
ArndtR.E.A.LongD.F., and GlauserM.N., “The proper orthogonal decomposition of pressure fluctuations surrounding a turbulent jet,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 340, 1997, pp. 1–33.
22.
CoiffetF.JordanP.DelvilleJ.GervaisY., and RicaudF., “Coherent structures in subsonic jets: A quasi-irrotational source mechanism?,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005, pp. 67–89.
23.
LushP.A., “Measurements of subsonic jet noise and comparison with theory,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 46, No. 3, 1971, pp. 477–500.
24.
AhujaK.K. and BushellK.W., “An experimental study of subsonic jet noise and comparison with theory,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 30, No. 3, 1973, pp. 317–341.
25.
TannaH.K., “An experimental study of jet noise. Part I: Turbulent mixing noise,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 50, No. 3, 1977, pp. 405–428.
26.
Mollo-ChristensenE.KolpinM.A., and MartucelliJ.R., “Experiments on jet flows and jet noise far-field spectra and directivity patterns,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 18, 1964, pp. 285–301.
27.
GaetaR.J. and AhujaK.K., “Subtle differences in jet-noise scaling with narrowband spectra compared to 1/3-octave band,”AIAA 2003–3124.
28.
TamC.K.W.GolebiowskiM., and SeinerJ.M., “On the two components of turbulent mixing noise from supersonic jets,”AIAA 96–1716.
29.
GoldsteinM.E. and LeibS.J., “The role of instability waves in predicting jet noise,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 525, 2005, pp. 37–72.
30.
SunyachM.BrunelB., and Comte-BellotG.G., “Performances de la soufflerie anchoïqué a grande vitesse de l'Ecole centrale de Lyon,”Revue d'Acoustique, Vol. 73, 1985, pp. 316–330.
31.
ZoppellariE. and JuvéD., “Reduction of jet noise by water injection,”AIAA 97–1622.
32.
ZamanK.B.M.Q., “Effect of the initial condition on subsonic jet noise,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 9, 1985, pp. 1370–1373.
33.
BassH.E.SutherlandL.C., and ZuckerwarA.J., “Atmospheric absorption of sound: Update,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 88, No. 4, 1990, pp. 2019–2021.
34.
BassH.E.SutherlandL.C.ZuckerwarA.J.BlackstockD.T., and HesterD.M., “Atmospheric absorption of sound: Further developments,”Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 97, No. 1, 1995, pp. 680–683.
35.
RamanG., “Advances in understanding supersonic jet screech: Review and perspective,”Prog. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 34, 1998, pp. 45–106.
36.
EliasG., “Experimental techniques for source location,”Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Lecture Series 1997–07, 1997.
37.
ZoppellariE. and JuvéD., “Reduction of hot supersonic jet noise by water injection,”AIAA 98–2204.
38.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “An analysis of the correlations between the turbulent flow and the sound pressure field of subsonic jets,” to appear in J. Fluid Mech., 2007.
39.
LushP.A., “The generation and radiation of supersonic jet noise,”Vol. V. Tech. Rep. AFAPT-TR-72-53, Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, 1972.
40.
TannaH.K., “The generation and radiation of supersonic jet noise,”Vol. III. Tech. Rep. AFAPL-TR-76-65, Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, 1976.
41.
StrombergJ.L.McLaughlinD.K., and TrouttT.R., “Flow field and acoustic properties of a Mach number 0.9 jet at a low Reynolds number,”J. Sound. Vib., Vol. 72, No. 2, 1980, pp. 159–176.
42.
SeinerJ.M.McLaughlinD.K., and LiuC.H., “Supersonic jet noise generated by largescale instabilities,” Technical Paper 2072, NASA, 1972.
43.
SeinerJ.M. and PontonM.K., “Aeroacoustic data for high Reynolds number supersonic axisymmetric jets,” NASA TM 86296, NASA, 1985.
JordanP.GervaisY.ValiéreJ.-C., and FoulonH., “Final results from single point measurements,” Project deliverable D3.4, JEAN – EU 5th Framework Programme, G4RDCT2000–00313, 2002.
46.
ViswanathanK., “Aeroacoustics of hot jets,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 516, 2004, pp. 39–82.
