A two-year-old girl presented with regression of developmental milestones for the last three and a half months. She was diagnosed as HIV-positive, but her CD4 count was found to be normal. Computed tomography (CT) scan of her brain showed bilateral basal ganglia calcification with cortical atrophy. A final diagnosis of HIV encephalopathy was made which had occurred despite a normal CD4 count, which is extremely uncommon.
FosterC, GibbD. HIV infection. In: McIntoshN, HelmsP, SmythR, StuartL eds. Forfar and Arneil's Textbook of Pediatrics. 7th edn.London: Churchill Livingstone, 2008
3.
ArmstrongDD, KirkpatrickJB. Neuropathology of pediatric. AIDS. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis1990;1:112–23
4.
Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Children. Chapter 4. P44. See http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Care_and_Support_Activities_Clinic_Manifestations_of_HIV_AIDS_in_Children.pdf (last checked 5 May 2010)
5.
LobatoMN, CaldwellB, NgP, OxtobyM. National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections. Program Abstr First Natl Conf Hum Retrovir Relat Infect Natl Conf Hum Retrovir Relat Infect, 1st 1993, Washington, DC, Dec 12–16 1993; 180. Pediatric Spectrum of Disease Consortium, CDC, Atlanta, GA
6.
TovoPA, DeMartinoM, GabianoC, Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Lancet1992;339:1249–53
7.
CooperER, HansonC, DiazC, Encephalopathy and progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in a cohort of children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr1998;132:808–12
8.
ShanbhagMC, RutsteinRM, ZaoutisT, Neurocognitive functioning in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection: effects of combined therapy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med2005;159:651–6
9.
FosterC, BiggsR, MelvinD, Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with HIV infection under 3 years of age. Dev Med Child Neurol2006;48:677–82
