Mucocutaneous findings in 150 HIV+ve cases (F, 79; M, 71) were evaluated over a one-year period. Mucocutaneous manifestations were seen in 96% with 2.9 mean number of dermatoses and mean cluster of differentiation (CD4) count of 196.33 cells/mm3. The highest number of mean dermatoses, 3.29, was seen in individuals with severe immunosuppression. The most common mucocutaneous manifestation seen was candidiasis (35.33%), followed by seborrhoeic dermatitis (31.33%), oral pigmentation (29.33%), xerosis/ichthyosis (22.67%), pyodermas (22%), periodontitis (17.33%) and nail pigmentation (16.67%). Patient stratification according to the WHO immunological staging, according to CD4 counts, showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) for candidiasis, scabies, paronychia, oral pigmentation and diffuse hair loss. Nail and oral pigmentary changes, trichomegaly and subcutaneous fungal infections caused by dermatophytes were highlights of the study. Incidences of xerosis/ichthyosis, pyodermas, scabies and molluscum contagiosum reported in our study were higher and pruritic popular eruptions was lower than those in previous Indian studies. Cutaneous neoplasms were not seen in the present study.
BlattSP, LuceyCR, ButzinCA, HendrixCW, LuceyDR. Total lymphocyte count as a predictor of absolute CD4+ count and CD4+ percentage in HIV-infected persons. JAMA-India1993;12:647–51
2.
SivayathornA, SrihraB, LeesanguankulW. Prevalence of skin disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangkok (Thailand). Ann Acad Med Singapore1995;24:528–33
3.
ShobhanaA, GuhaSK, NeogiDK. Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2004;70:82–6
4.
UthayakumarS, NandwaniR, DrinkwaterT, NayagamAT, DarleyCR. The prevalence of skin disease in HIV infection and its relationship to the degree of immunosuppression. Br J Dermatol1997;137:595–8
5.
ZancanaroPC, McGirtLY, MamelakAJ, NguyenRHN, MartinsCR. Cutaneous manifestations of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an institutional urban clinic experience. J Am Acad Dermatol2006;54:581–8
6.
GohBK, ChanRKW, SenP, Spectrum of skin disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Singapore and the relationship to CD4 lymphocyte counts. Int J Deramtol2007;46:695–9
7.
Munoz-PerezMA, Rodriguez-PichardoA, CamachoF, ColmeneroMA. Dermatological findings correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in a prospective 3 year study of 1161 patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease predominantly acquired through intravenous drug abuse. Br J Dermatol1998;139:33–9
8.
MignardM, SpiraRM, MorlatP, DabisF, DoutreMS. Correlation of skin disorders with CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients with HIV/AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol1998;39:298–9
9.
GarbeC, HusakR, OrfanosCE. HIV associated dermatoses and their prevalence in 456 HIV infected patients. Relation to immune status and its importance as a diagnostic marker. Hautarzt1994;45:623–9
10.
SpiraR, MignardM, DoutreMS, MorlatP, DabisF. Prevalence of cutaneous disorders in a population of HIV infected patients. Arch Dermatol1998;134:1208–12
RajuPVK, RaoGR, RamaniTV, VandanaS. Skin disease: clinical indicator of immune status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Int J Dermatol2005;44:646–9
13.
WiwanitkitV. Prevalence of dermatological disorders in Thai HIV-infected patients correlated with different CD4 lymphocyte count statuses: a note on 120 cases. Int J Dermatol2004;43:265–8
14.
NairSP, MoortyKP, SuprakasanS. Clinico- epidemiological study of HIV patients in Trivandrum. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2003;69:100–3
15.
JosephineM, IssacE, GeorgeA, NgoleM, AlbertSE. Patterns of skin manifestations and their relationships with CD4 counts among HIV/AIDS patients in Cameroon. Int J Dermatol2006;45:280–4
16.
PitcheP, Tchangai-WallaK, Napo-KouraG, MijiyawaM, AqbereA, TataganA. Prevalence of skin manifestations in AIDS patients in Lome-Tokoin University Hospital Togo. Sante1995;5:349–52
17.
CribierB, MenaML, ReyD, Nail changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus- a prospective controlled study. Arch Dermatol1998;134:1216–20
18.
CritonS, MohanKB, AsokanPU. Dermatological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infected/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in a referral hospital of Central Kerala. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol1995;61:89–90
19.
GoldsteinB, BermanB, SukenikE, FrankelSJ. Correlation of skin disorders with CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients with HIV/AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol1997;36:262–4
20.
JingW, IsmailR. Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection: a retrospective analysis of 145 cases in a Chinese population in Malaysia. Int J Deramtol1999;38:457–63
21.
KhopkarU, RajS, SukhthankarA, KulkarniMG, WadhwaSL. Clinical profile of HIV infection. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol1992;58:155–8
22.
ValiaRG. Hypertrichosis. Ind J Dermatol2005;50:119–24
AclandKM, HayRJ, GrovesR. Cutaneous infection with Alternaria alternata complicating immunosuppression: successful treatment with itraconazole. Br J Dermatol1998;138:354–6
25.
NovickNL, TapiaL, BottoneEJ. Invasive Trichophyton rubrum infection in an immunocompromised host. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med1987;82:321–5
26.
KumaraswamyN, SolomonS, MadhivananP, RavikumarB, ThyagarajanSP, YesudianP. Dermatologic manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus patients in south India. Int J Dermatol2000;39:192–5
27.
BevilacquaS, HermansP, Van LaethemY, DemaubeugeJ, ClumeckN. Sweet's syndrome in an HIV infected patient. AIDS1999;13:728
28.
SharmaYK, SawhneyMPS, BhakuniDS, GeraV. Orocutaneous manifestations as markers of disease progression in HIV infection in Indian setting. MJAFI2004;60:239–43
29.
RajagopalanB, JacobM, GerogeS. Skin lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in South India. Int J Dermatol1996;35:489–92
